Essay Candidate

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Essay Candidate 1
Discuss the strategies used to develop new
information systems what exactly does each
strategy entail and what are the advantages and
disadvantages of each?
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Traditional Systems Lifecycle
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SYSTEM LIFECYCLE

• CAN BE COSTLY, TIME CONSUMING
• MAY ENCOURAGE FREEZING SPECIFICATIONS EARLY IN
  DEVELOPMENT
• MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR SMALL, LESS STRUCTURED
  SYSTEMS

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PROTOTYPING

• PROCESS OF BUILDING EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM TO
  DEMONSTRATE, EVALUATE APPROACH USERS REFINE
  NEEDS
• PROTOTYPE Preliminary working version of
  information system for demonstration, evaluation
  purposes
• ITERATIVE PROCESS

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Prototyping
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES

• PREWRITTEN, PRECODED APPLICATION SOFTWARE,
  COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FOR SALE OR LEASE
• GEARED TO COMMON REQUIREMENTS
• CUSTOMIZATION Modification of software to meet
  organizations needs
• MUST WEIGH COSTS / BENEFITS

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SELECTED EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION PROGRAMS

• ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE BOND STOCK MANAGEMENT
  COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) DOCUMENT IMAGING
  E- MAIL ENTERPRISE.RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP)
  GROUPWARE HEALTH CARE HOTEL.MANAGEMENT
  INTERNET TELEPHONE INVENTORY CONTROL JOB
  COSTING LIBRARY SYSTEMS LIFE INSURANCE MAILING
  LABELS MATHEMATICAL / STATISTICAL MODELING
  ORDER PROCESSING PAYROLL PROCESS CONTROLTAX
  ACCOUNTING WEB BROWSER WORD PROCESSING

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END-USER DEVELOPMENT

• END-USERS DEVELOP INFORMATION SYSTEM
• WITH LITTLE HELP FROM
• TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS
• USING 4th GENERATION TOOLS

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End-User Development
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END-USER DEVELOPMENT

• STRENGTHS
• IMPROVED REQUIREMENTS DETERMINATION
• INCREASED USER INVOLVEMENT SATISFACTION
• REDUCED APPLICATION BACKLOG

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END-USER DEVELOPMENT

• WEAKNESSES
• RELATIVELY INEFFICIENT
• SLOW TRANSACTION PROCESSING
• MAY CARRY HIGH COST
• LARGE FILES CAN DEGRADE PERFORMANCE
• NONPROCEDURAL APPROACH MAY HAMPER LOGIC
  UPDATING REQUIREMENTS

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OUTSOURCING

• CONTRACTING
• COMPUTER CENTER OPERATIONS
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
• APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
• TO EXTERNAL VENDORS

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(No Transcript)
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Essay Candidate 2
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? What
exactly are Expert Systems, Neural Networks and,
Genetic Algorithms and why are they considered
artificial intelligence?
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AI Definition
Expert System def Discussion with
examples (Loan approval example and whale
identification)
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Expert System for a Loan Application
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Biological Inspiration for an Artificial Neural
Network (ANN)
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Resulting ANN Based on Hebbian Learning
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Application of ANN in Banking
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Optimized Feedforward ANN for the Guadagni and
Little Choice Model
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(No Transcript)
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Genetic Algorithm

• Step 1 - Establish even number (Z) of genetic
  strings for first generation (G1)
• Step 2 - Establish training data
• Step 3 - Obtain a trial output with first
  observation (n1)
• Step 4 - Repeat Step 3 for all observations (N)
• Step 5 - Calculate a fitness for 1st genetic
  string (Possibly SSE)

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Genetic Algorithm (contd.)

• Step 6 - go to Step 2 and repeat for all other
  genetic strings
• Step 7 - Assign probabilities to genetic strings
  of G1 of being chosen for reproduction based on
  respective fitness
• Step 8 - Select Z genetic strings from G1 based
  on probabilities
• Step 9 - Mate the genetic strings by crossing
  over at a random point in the strings thereby
  creating off spring (G2)

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Genetic Algorithm (contd.)

• Step 10 - Randomly insert mutations to test the
  robustness of G2
• Step 11- Continue Steps 3 through 10 until an
  acceptable solution is achieved (GN)

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Essay Candidate 3
What is a DSS model and how can it be used to
create value?
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Resulting Information Systems
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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

• DATA MINING technology for finding relationships
  in large data bases for prediction
• DSS SOFTWARE SYSTEM tools for data analysis
• SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS what-if questions about
  changes in model factors (p.407 definition)

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Sensitivity Analysis What if
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More DSS Applications

• Supply Chain Management
• CRM

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Essay Candidate 4
Discuss e-commerce security as it relates to
encryption and authentication.
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SECURITY AND THE INTERNET

• ENCRYPTION Coding scrambling messages to deny
  unauthorized access
• (U 571 Windtalkers)
• AUTHENTICATION Ability to identify another party

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Public Key Encryption
1) The first key scrambles the message so that it
cant be read, but the scrambling key may be
readily available, or public. 2) Decoding
requires a second private key, held only by the
person who created the message or its intended
recipient. 3) In practice the keys are related
at their base, or root. Thats why one key can
unlock a second keys message.
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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Used widely for Internet Transactions commercial
web site can purchase private encryption key
from VeriSign for 350/year. It gives online
customers confidence that the credit card numbers
are not being stolen over the Internet. .
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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) cont.d
VeriSign authenticates that 1) Your company is
indeed a company - Dun Bradstreet 2) Contacts
Network solutions which gives out domain names
under contract with the National Science
Foundation to authenticate company name against
URL 3) Makes two telephone contacts - one
technical and one organizational via telephone
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Digital Certificates

• 1) Uses trusted third party known as a
  certificate authority (CA) to validate users
  identity (Verisign Inc. is a top CA)
• 23) CAs server generates an encrypted digital
  certificate, plus owners public key

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Digital Certificates Cont.d
45) Recipient of an encrypted message uses CAs
public key to to decode digital certificate,
thus obtaining owners public key and
identity 6 (not shown) Using this information
the recipient can send an encrypted reply
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Class 1 Digital Certificate
Easily obtainable at www.versign.com for
15/year. Simply give your name, address, and
e-mail address. Once the e-mail address is
verified, youll get a certificate. Think of it
as a library card quality authentication.
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Class 2 Digital Certificate
Requires proof of physical address in addition to
Class 1 data. For that the company issuing the
certificate will consult a credit database -
Equifax or Experian in the case of consumers,
Dun and Bradstreet in the case of
businesses. Think of this as credit card quality
authentication.
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Class 3 Digital Certificate
To get this you must prove exactly who you are
and prove that you are responsible. Technology
not commercially feasible to offer this
presently. These are envisioned being used in the
future for things like apartment leases, loans
on-line, court documents, etc. Think of it as
drivers license quality authentication