CARDIORESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING

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CARDIORESPIRATORY ADAPTATIONS TO TRAINING

• Endurance - two different concepts - muscular e.,
  cardiorespiratory e.
• Muscular E - ability of muscle to sustain
  high-intensity, repetitive or static exercise
  (important for sprinters, weight lifter, boxer,
  wrestler) - related to muscular strength and
  anaerobic development.
• Cardiorespiratory E. - ability of the body to
  sustain prolonged exercise. (cyclist, distance
  runners, swimmers) related to development of
  cardiovascular and respiratory systems, thus
  aerobic development.

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Evaluation E. Capacity

• Aerobic Power - Vo2 max
• with endurance training - more oxygen delivered
  - 6 months training - increase
  in VO2 max of 20 percent - perform e.
• activities at higher work rate, faster.
• Oxygen Transport System
• shared by CR systems - VO2
  ? SV x HR x a - VO2 diff.

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A - CV Adaptations To Training

• 1) Heart Size - hearts weight, volume, LV wall
  thickness, chamber size increase - Athletes
  Heart
  LV internal
  dimension increases - increase in ventricular
  filling (rise in plasma volume),
  LV wall thickness, increase (hypertrophy)
  - increase in strength potential of its
  contractions.
• 2) Stroke Volume - higher after endurance tr.
  at rest, during exercise,
  stronger
  heart, availability of greater blood volume
  increase in EDV, increase in EF.

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• 3) Heart Rate (HR) - decrease of HR after
  endurance tr. (elite athletes 30 - 40 beats
  (min.) - increase in parasympathetic
  tone. At submaximal exercise tr. - decrease of HR
  by about 20 - 40 beats/min. after 6 months.
  Maximal HR - unchanged or
  slightly decreased (allowing for optimum SV
  to maximize CO). HR recovery time -
  decrease - well suited to tracking an
  indviduals progress with tr.
• 4) Cardiac Output (CO) - at rest, during
  submaximal levels of ex. - unchanged , at maximal
  levels - considerable increase (mainly by ?of
  SV). CO in untrained 14 - 16
  l/min., 40 l intrained athletes.

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• 5) Blood Flow (BF)
• enhanced muscle blood supply following
• training
• a) increased capillarization of trained muscles
  
• - new capillaries develop - ? capillary to
  fiber ratio
• b) greater opening of existing capillaries
• c) more effective blood redistribution (shunting
  
• away from areas that dont need high
  flow)
• 6) Blood Pressure (BP) - resting blood pressure
  
• reduced, no changes during submaximal
  
• or maximal work rates.

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• 7) Blood Volume (BV) - E. tr. - ? BV, mainly by
  increase in blood plasma volume
  (? ADH, aldosterone, ? amount of plasma
  proteins). Red blood cells count increases,
  (pseudoanemia). Blood viscosity ?
  - improvement of circulation).
• Plasma volume - high correlation with
  VO2 max ? increase in plasma volume
  - most significant training effect

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B - Respiratory Adaptations To Training

• Lung Volumes - no change in VC, RV, TLC, slight
  increase in TV
• Respiratory Rate increase in maximal exercise
  levels of pulmonary ventilation - slightly
  reduced at rest, maximal pulmonary ventilation
  substantially increased. Untrained - 120 l/min,
  trained - 240 l/min.
• Pulmonary Diffusion - no change at rest, increase
  in maximal exercise
• A-v O2 diff. - increase after training (?mixed
  venous O2 content)

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Metabolic Adaptations

• Lactate Threshold - E. tr. -? lactate thr.
  n - higher rate of work at higher
  rate of O2 consumption without raising blood
  lactate. Maximal blood lactate levels increase
  slightly.
• Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) - at rest -
  ?? RER (greater utilization of
  FFA), at maximal levels of work - ? RER in
  trained individuals. (sustained hyperventilation
  ? excessive CO2 release)

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• Maximal O2 Consumption - substantial increase
  following training - individual limitation, major
  limiting factor
  - oxygen delivery to the
  active muscles (lack of
  oxidative enzymes in mitochondria, central and
  peripheral circulatory factor limit endurance
  capacity)

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• Long-term Improvement in Endurance
• Highest attainable VO2 max usually reached
  within 18 months of intense e. conditioning,
  further improvement with continued tr. for many
  additional years - bodys ability
  perform at increasing percentage of VO2 max for
  extended periods - result of increase in lactate
  threshold

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• Factors Affecting the Response to Aerobic
  Training
• Heredity Genetic factors establish boundaries for
  an individual endurance training can push Vo2 max
  to the upper limits of these boundaries.
• Age
  Age related decrease - decrease in
  activity levels.
• Decline in VO2 max
  - attenuated by
  continuing training

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• Gender
• Highly conditioned female e. athletes
  - 10 percent lower VO2 max values
• Responders x Nonresponders
• Large improvements - responders, little
  or no improvement (nonresponders)
  to the same training programs - genetic influence

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• Specificity of Training
• Selection of appropriate training program -
  closely matched with athletes individual needs
  to maximize the physiological adaptations to
  training
• Cross Training
• Training for more than one sport at the same
  time or tr. for several fitness components
  (endurance strength) at one time

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• Cardiorespiratory Endurance and Performance
• E. - the most important component of physical
  fitness.
• E. - athletes major defense against fatigue -
  major deterrent to optimal performance (muscle
  strength decreased, reaction and movement times
  prolonged, neuromuscular coordination reduced,
  concentration and alertness reduced).
  
  Extent of
  endurance training needed varies, dependence on
  E. demands of chosen activity (marathon runner x
  baseball, golf player)
• All Athletes Can Benefit from Maximizing Their
  Endurance