Origin and Domestication of Swine

1
Origin and Domestication of Swine

• Not herded easily regional development
• many different types as a result
• China - 4900 BC, Great Britain 800 BC
• Most intelligent feral in a few generations
  e.g. Arkansas Razorbacks
• some nondomesticated types. US wild pigs?
• Javelinas/peccaries
• warthog, riverpig, forest hog - Africa

2
Origin and Domestication of Swine

• Todays swine originated from
• European Wild Boar still exist in Europe
• Black and gray or brown
• East Indian Pig (several types)
• These two crossed to form modern swine breeds

3
Swine in the USA

• Columbus, 8 head to the USA
• Hunted down with dogs 13 year later killing
  cattle
• DeSoto
• 13 head, 3 yr later, 700 pigs
• escapees were origin of razorbacks
• Many US breeds of swine developed in the USA
• native females crossed with European, Chinese and
  Russian boars

4
Swine Breeds

• Maternal breeds typically white excel in
  litter size, fertility, milk production.
• Paternal (sire) breeds typically colored excel
  in leanness, muscling, growth rate.
• Corporate swine breeding companies
• ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC).
• sell synthetic lines of breeding stock
• hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form lines
• sire/terminal or maternal lines

5
Yorkshire

• maternal breed 1st in USA
• England (Large White)
• white, erect ears
• excels in
• litter size
• milk production
• fertility

6
Chester White

• maternal breed 7th in USA
• Pennsylvania
• white, small drooping ears
• excels in
• litter size
• milk production
• fertility

7
Landrace

• maternal breed 4th in USA
• Denmark
• white, large drooping ears excels in
• litter size
• milk production
• fertility

8
Duroc

• paternal breed 2nd in USA
• New York/New Jersey
• solid red color
• excels in
• leanness
• growth
• muscling

9
Hampshire

• paternal sire 3rd in USA
• Boone County, KY
• black, white belt
• excels in
• leanness
• growth
• muscling

10
Spots (Spotted)

• paternal sire 5th in USA
• Putnam County, IN
• black and white spots
• drooping ears
• excels in
• leanness
• growth
• muscling

11
Poland China

• Dual purpose 8th in USA
• Warren County, OH
• black, white on legs, snout and tail
• drooping ears
• excels in
• growth
• litter size

12
Berkshire

• Paternal sire 6th in USA
• England
• black, white on legs, snout and tail
• erect ears
• excels in
• growth
• leaness
• muscling

13
Pietrain Belgium muscle and stress gene
http//www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/index.htm
Meishan China - litters
Kele China - lard
Vietnamese Pot Belly - ???
14
Swine Breeds

• Few (lt 1) purebred hogs in US
• Used in some purebreed crossing systems
• Source of known genetics for development of
  hybrids
• Crossbreds 20-30 more efficient in production
  HETEROSIS
• Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate
  hybrids
• e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows
• Hampshire x Duroc boars

15
Premier Swine Breeding Company
MATERNAL LINES
TERMINAL LINES
16
Ideal Market Hog-Primary Product

• Standards set by National Pork Board
• Market weight 260 lbs
• Days to 260 lbs 160 days avg.
• Loin eye area 6.8 sq. in. avg.
• High fat free lean index
• from terminal crossbreeding program
• free of the stress gene
• from maternal line weaning 25 pigs/sow/year

17
Grading Pork Carcasses

• No standard Quality grades
• Must have acceptable quality to meet standard
  Grading System
• USDA 1, 2, 3, 4, Utility
• Lean yield from ham, loin, blade shoulder and
  picnic shoulder
• 1 gt 53
• 2 50 52.9
• 3 47- 49.9
• 4 lt 47
• Based upon backfat and muscling score

18
Pork Quality PSE pork
19
Pork Quality PSE pork

• Pale, soft and exudative
• less appealing to consumer
• water loss affects yield and profitability for
  processors
• associated with porcine stress syndrome
• homozygous recessive
• lean, heavily muscled hogs

20
Secondary Pork Products

• Sows Weight?
• 270-600 s Jimmy Dean Sausage
• Boars
• Taint .Pizza (all weights)

21
Reproductive Management

• Maximize use of facilities
• All in all out system
• synchronize estrus for these to occur at same
  time
• breeding gestation farrowing weaning finishing

22
Reproductive Management

• Puberty 6 months of age
• First breeding 8 months and 250 lbs Why wait?
• Increase litter size
• Increase longevity of sow
• Gestation Length?
• 114 days
• Litter size born, born alive, and weaned?
• 11, 10 and 9, respectively
• Why does this decrease?
• Environmental, management (sizing litters), etc.

23
Reproductive Management

• Age at Weaning? or How long is lactation period?
• 10 28 days
• Peak lactation 21 d after farrowing why wean
  so early?
• Health of the baby pigs Why?
• Cheaper to feed directly than to feed sow to make
  milk
• Rebreeding when rebred for a second litter?
• First insemination at 4-7 days post-weaning
• Weaning synchronizes estrus

24
Annual productivity of swine

• Litters/sow/year?
• Weaned at 2 weeks of age
• Inseminated 7 days post weaning
• Assumes pregnant at 21 days post farrowing??

Lactation Breeding 2
Lactation Breeding 3
Breeding 1
Gestation 1 114 days
Gestation 2 114 days
Gestation 3
Jan
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Months
25
Annual productivity of swine

• Litters/sow/year?
• Three 114 d gestations and three 21 d post partum
  periods 405 days 1.11 year for 3 litters
• 3/1.11 or 2.7 litters/year

Lactation Breeding 2
Lactation Breeding 3
Breeding 1
Gestation 1 114 days
Gestation 2 114 days
Gestation 3
Jan
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Months
26
Annual productivity of swine

• Litters/sow/year?
• Three 114 d gestations and three 21 d post partum
  periods 405 days 1.11 year for 3 litters
• 3/1.11 or 2.7 litters/year
• In a perfect herd of 100 sows
• 100 sows x 2.7 litters/sow x 9 pigs/litter
  2430 pig/year
• Is this what happens in the industry??

27
Annual productivity of swine

• Factors that affect pigs produced?
• Age at weaning?
• Culling rate?
• pigs weaned/sow
• In a realistic situation, often have a 30
  culling rate for each gestation. e.g.
• 100 sows x 9 pigs/litter 900 pigs from first
  gestation
• 70 sows x 9 pigs/litter 630 pigs from second
  gestation
• 49 sows x 9 pigs/litter 441 pigs from third
  gestation
• This equals 1971 pigs/1.11 years, or 1791
  pigs/year

28
Annual productivity of swine

• This equals 1971 pigs/1.11 years, or 1791
  pigs/year
• 1791 pigs/9 pigs in a litter 199 litters
• 199 litters from original 100 sows in a year
• 1.99 litters/sow/year.
• National average is 2 litters/sow/year

29

• Slides beyond this point not covered in 2005
  Winter, and will not be on the exam.

30
Health Management

• Disease PREVENTION
• Antibiotic feed additives
• ie. Mecadox, Tylan, etc.
• Vaccinations
• Biosecurity
• Minimize disease transmission by
• Limited introduction of new animals - AI
• Shower in shower out
• vehicles, equipment, rodents, flies, etc.

31
Nutritional Management

• Monogastric Limited ability to digest fiber
• Finely ground feed or pellets
• Typical ration ingredients
• Corn energy
• Soybean meal protein (lysine 1st limiting)
• Dicalcium phosphate limestone Ca, P
• Vitamin, Trace mineral premix

32
Nutritional Management

• Boars gestating females
• Restricted individual feeding
• Lactating sows
• Increased energy protein
• Minimize weight loss
• Nursing piglets
• Creep feed

33
Nutritional Management

• Weaned (Nursery) pigs
• 20-22 protein (dried plasma whey)
• Affects health performance later
• Grower (Finisher) Pigs
• maximize growth
• energy protein
• ad libitum
• always feed available

34
Stages of Production

• Breeding Farrowing
• Gestation, Farrowing, Breeding
• Nursery/Feeder Pigs
• Finishing/Grower

35
Types of Swine Operations

• Integrated corporate production
• ie. Murphy Brown, LLC., Premium Standard
• Farrow-to-Finish (farrow swine birthing)
• All segments but at different sites for
  biosecurity
• Seedstock, breeding/farrowing, nursery/feeder
  pigs, finishers

36
Types of Swine Operations

• Purebred or Seedstock production
• PIC Pig Improvement Company, DEKALB, etc.
• sell purebred or planned crossbred breeding stock
  
• sell boars, gilts

37
Types of Swine Operations

• Nursery/Feeder Pig production
• sell weaned pigs (10-15 lbs) or feeder pigs
  (35-50 lbs)
• Grower/Finisher
• purchase feeder or weaned pigs
• sell market hogs to harvest
• maintain breeding stock
• Can be contracted by corporations

38
Types of Swine Operations

• Farrow-to-finish
• Retain breeding stock
• Bred females farrow
• Feed pigs to harvest weights (250 lbs)
• Sell finished pigs to harvest
• Smaller farms

39
Swine Facilities
Finisher
Free Range
Nursery or Finisher with Lagoons
Sow Farm
40
(No Transcript)