Advances in the Chemistry of Atmosphere

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Advances in the Chemistry of Atmosphere
Welcome to

• CHEM-ATOC 419/619

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COURSE OUTLINE

• Introduction Earths atmosphere, chemical
  composition and its vertical structure
• Radiation balance of atmosphere green house
  gases, absorption and photochemistry
• Oxidation potential of the atmosphere
  atmospheric oxidants and homogeneous chemistry
• Aerosols and heterogeneous chemistry
• Selected topics Chemistry of ozone hole and
  air pollution
• Formation process of cloud chemical reactions
  in and on cloud particles
• State-of-the-art field measurement techniques in
  atmospheric chemistry
• Atmospheric modeling 0, 1-D, 2-D and 3-D
  modeling
• Chemistry of the climate change
• Your research topics!

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• Satellite
• From Wikipedia
• A satellite is any object that orbits another
  object (which is known as its primary). All
  masses that are part of the solar system,
  including the Earth, are satellites either of the
  Sun, or satellites of those objects, such as the
  Moon.
• It is not always a simple matter to decide which
  is the 'satellite' in a pair of bodies. Because
  all objects exert gravity, the motion of the
  primary object is also affected by the satellite.
  If two objects are sufficiently similar in mass,
  they are generally referred to as a binary system
  rather than a primary object and satellite an
  extreme example is the 'double asteroid' 90
  Antiope. The general criterion for an object to
  be a satellite is that the center of mass of the
  two objects is inside the primary object.
• In popular usage, the term satellite normally
  refers to an artificial satellite, which would be
  a man-made object that orbits the Earth (or
  another body). However, scientists may also use
  the term to refer to natural satellites, or
  moons. In general word usage, "natural satellite"
  is the term used to refer to moons.

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• The Russian Venera 7 satellite
• In May, 1946, Project RAND released the
  Preliminary Design of an Experimental
  World-Circling Spaceship, which stated, "A
  satellite vehicle with appropriate
  instrumentation can be expected to be one of the
  most potent scientific tools of the Twentieth
  Century. The achievement of a satellite craft
  would produce repercussions comparable to the
  explosion of the atomic bomb..."
• The space age began in 1946, as scientists began
  using captured German V-2 rockets to make
  measurements in the upper atmosphere.1 Before
  this period, scientists used balloons that went
  up to 30 km and radio waves to study the
  ionosphere. From 1946 to 1952, upper-atmosphere
  research was conducted using V-2s and Aerobee
  rockets. This allowed measurements of atmospheric
  pressure, density, and temperature up to 200 km.
  (see also magnetosphere, Van Allen radiation
  belt)

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• Types of satellites
• Astronomical satellites are satellites used for
  observation of distant planets, galaxies, and
  other outer space objects.
• Communications satellites are artificial
  satellites stationed in space for the purposes of
  telecommunications using radio at microwave
  frequencies. Most communications satellites use
  geosynchronous orbits or near-geostationary
  orbits, although some recent systems use low
  Earth-orbiting satellites.
• Earth observation satellites are satellites
  specifically designed to observe Earth from
  orbit, similar to reconnaissance satellites but
  intended for non-military uses such as
  environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making
  etc. (See especially Earth Observing System.)
• Navigation satellites are satellites which use
  radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile
  receivers on the ground to determine their exact
  location. The relatively clear line of sight
  between the satellites and receivers on the
  ground, combined with ever-improving electronics,
  allows satellite navigation systems to measure
  location to accuracies on the order of a few
  metres in real time.

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• Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation
  satellite or communications satellite deployed
  for military or intelligence applications. Little
  is known about the full power of these
  satellites, as governments who operate them
  usually keep information pertaining to their
  reconnaissance satellites classified.
• Solar power satellites are proposed satellites
  built in high Earth orbit that use microwave
  power transmission to beam solar power to very
  large antenna on Earth where it can be used in
  place of conventional power sources.
• Space stations are man-made structures that are
  designed for human beings to live on in outer
  space. A space station is distinguished from
  other manned spacecraft by its lack of major
  propulsion or landing facilities instead, other
  vehicles are used as transport to and from the
  station. Space stations are designed for
  medium-term living in orbit, for periods of
  weeks, months, or even years.
• Weather satellites are satellites that primarily
  are used to monitor the weather and/or climate of
  the Earth.
• Miniaturized satellites are satellites of
  unusually low weights and small sizes. New
  classifications are used to categorize these
  satellites minisatellite (500200 kg),
  microsatellite (below 200 kg), nanosatellite
  (below 10 kg). Noga Boga

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Canadian Satellite!
http//directory.eoportal.org/pres_SciSat1ACEScien
ceSatelliteAtmosphericChemistryExperiment.html
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LIDARS
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Radiative Forcing Between 1850 to 2000
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Global Annual Energy Balance
Kiehl and Trenberth (1997) IPCC (2001)
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Atmospheric Transmittances in the Microwave
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Microwave Emissivity of Ocean Surface
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Microwave Brightness Temperature
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Precipitable Water
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Source/Aerosol 355nm N2
387nm Water Vapour 408nm
http//www.arm.gov/docs/instruments/static/rl.html
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Raman Lidar to Measure Water Vapour Profile
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GPS Signals to Measure Water Vapour
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http//atmos.af.op.dlr.de/projects/scops/
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Normalised weighting functions for the High
Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS) on NOAA
satellites. Each function indicates the relative
contribution of the atmosphere from a given level
to the radiance observed at the satellite through
the numbered channel.
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Satellite Limb Scanning
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Limb Scanning Weighting Functions
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Geo-fit approach to the analysis of limb-scanning
satellite measurements, Carlotti et al.,
applied optics, Vol 40, NO 12, 2001
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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111,
F01003, doi10.1029/2005JF000318,
2006 Spatiotemporal variations of snowmelt in
Antarctica derived from satellite scanning
multichannel microwave radiometer and Special
Sensor Microwave Imager data (19782004) Hongxing
Liu and Lei Wang Department of Geography, Texas
AM University,College Station, Texas,
USA Kenneth C. Jezek Byrd Polar Research Center,
Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Solar Ultra-violet Spectrum
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Optical Properties for Typical Stratus and Cumulus
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Bidirectional Reflectance and Absorbance of
Cirrus Clouds
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Brightness Temperature in 15 mm CO2 band
Arrows at Wavelengths Measured by VTPR
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IR Brightness Temperature from ER-2
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Final Comments

• Ultimately radiation drives all processes in the
  atmosphere
• Remote sensing will continue to grow as a source
  of atmospheric measurements
• New suite of satellites will require more
  atmospheric scientists in this area