Humanitarian Stakeholders in the Mission Area

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Humanitarian Stakeholders in the Mission Area

• Roy Brennen

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Objectives

• Provide overview of the some of current
  stakeholders in the humanitarian community
• Host Nation
• International Organizations
• Non-governmental Organizations
• Donors

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TraditionalHumanitarian Stakeholders

• Local Populations
• affected non-affected
• Local Government Authorities
• The Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement
• The three components
• Non-governmental Organizations
• National International
• Religious Organizations
• UN Humanitarian Agencies/Funds/Programs

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Non-TraditionalHumanitarian Stakeholders

• International Regional Organizations
• International, Regional Local Financial
  Institutions and Businesses
• Donor Governments and Agencies
• Media
• Contractors
• Military Forces

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Humanitarian aid is a growth industry
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Impetus of humanitarian action

• Host Nation invitation and/or consent
• Humanitarian need
• Demand vs.Supply driven assistance
• Legal mandate (UNHCR, ICRC, Human Rights)
• Media coverage
• Advocacy for action
• Individual Agency/Program Governing Boards
• Profit

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Host or Affected Nation

• Victims - the affected population! ! !
• Government - national assistance through civil
  service and community processes
• Regional/Local authorities
• Business - traditional commerce leaders
• But also opportunists that come to crisis area to
  do business

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Red Cross Red Crescent Movement
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International Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement

• THREE DISTINCT ENTITIES
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
• International Federation of the Red Cross/Red
  Crescent Societies (IFRC)
• National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies

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International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

• Oldest (1863) Largest Private IO - (6,300
  personnel)
• Guardian of the Geneva Conventions -specializes
  in conflicts
• Mandate to respond under international law
• Protection of prisoners of war and civilians and
  family reunification
• Provides humanitarian relief, protection for
  those most severely affected
• No development work

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ICRC Position

• Humanitarian assistance must be delivered by a
  neutral agency
• Never judge who is right and who is wrong
• The ability to alleviate suffering is hampered
  when humanitarian assistance is perceived as
  taking sides

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ICRC

• For staff protection (neutrality) provides all
  factions with
• prior notice of all relief
• flights and convoys
• travel routes
• cargo descriptions
• times of departure and arrival

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International Federation of Red Cross/Red
Crescent Societies

• Federation of all national societies
• Comprised of an international staff
• Coordinates relief in natural disasters
• Helps refugees outside areas of conflict
• Aids in development of national societies

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National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies

• 179 National Societies
• Provide national program
• Help sister societies
• Role as auxiliary to army medical services
• Cooperate with ICRC

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Countries with armies that lack military medical
services utilize Red Cross/Red Crescent National
Societies
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Red Cross Symbol
The more symbols, the greater the chance for
mistakes For security, have as few symbols as
possible
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(No Transcript)
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United Nations System Character and Complexity

• Founded in 1945 in post WWII political landscape
• Membership has grown from 51 to over 190 nations
• Institutions largely shaped by Cold War
• Undergoing reform process to deal with post-Cold
  War realities
• Membership based on sovereign equality of states
• Set up to deal with inter-state vs. intra-state
  conflict
• Not just one institution
• A patchwork of Agencies/programs with political,
  social, economic, technical mandates

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UN Secretary-Generalmore Secretary than General?
The UN Secretary General is the Chief
Administrative Officer of the UN...chosen by the
UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the
UN Security Council for a term of five years
appointment to a second term is the norm. -
Historical Dictionary of International
Organizations
? Margo Feiden Galleries
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UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes

• UNDP UN Development Programme
• On the ground in 166 countries
• Resident Coordinators
• Attempt to mainstream conflict analysis in
  development work
• Human Development Report
• Millennium Development Goals
• Democratic Governance
• Poverty Reduction
• Crisis Prevention and Recovery
• Information and Communication Technology
• HIV/AIDS
• Recovery Activities
• Mine action, justice and security sector reform,
  small arms and demobilization, natural disaster
  reduction

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UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes

• UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees
• Mandate under international law for protection of
  and assistance to refugees (1951 Refugee
  Convention)
• Legal protection to seek asylum
• Physical protection through provision of food,
  shelter and other basic necessities
• Around 5,000 staff in 120 countries with caseload
  of over 20 million people worldwide.
• Country Operations Plans (COPs)

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UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes

• WFP World Food Programme
• Largest provider of food aid in UN system
• Emergency needs and economic and social
  development
• Food for Work
• School Feeding
• Logistics specialists
• 40 ships on the sea at any one time
• 2002 WFP fed 72 million in 82 countries

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UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes

• UNICEF UN Childrens Fund
• Presence in over 140 countries
• Five organizational priorities in both relief and
  development
• Girls education
• Early childhood development
• Immunization plus
• Protection from violence, abuse, exploitation
• HIV/AIDS
• Health and nutrition for children and pregnant
  women
• Education/advocacy on childrens rights
• Demobilization of child soldiers/psycho-social
  programs

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UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes

• UNHCHR UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
• Human Rights mainstreamed in work of all UN
  activity
• Secretariat for UN Human Rights bodies
• Human Rights Commission, Sub-Commission on
  Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and six
  treaty monitoring bodies
• Field Presence Human rights monitors/observers
• Technical Cooperation
• National capacity building

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UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes

• WHO World Health Organization
• Health emergency relief supply kits
• provision of medical supplies/assessments
• training of health workers/capacity building
• World Bank
• Financing of reconstruction activities
• National banking systems

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UN Departments/Projects

• UNOPS UN Office of Project Services
• manages project resources to help developing
  countries and countries in transition in their
  quest for peace, social stability, economic
  growth and sustainable development
• Entirely funded by fees for services rendered
• Project management
• Infrastructure
• Mine action
• Clients include UN agencies and member states

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UN Humanitarian Coordination

• UNOCHA UN Office for the Coordination of
  Humanitarian Affairs
• Secretariat for Inter-Agency Standing Committee
  (IASC)
• Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)/Common
  Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP)
• Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC)
• RELIEFWEB www.reliefweb.int

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United NationsKey Points to Remember

• A treaty with an administration
• Not one institution
• The Secretary General presides, doesnt rule

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Non-Governmental Organizations

• is a private, self governing, not-for-profit
  organization dedicated to alleviating human
  suffering and/or promoting education, health
  care, economic development, environmental
  protection, human rights, conflict resolution,
  and encouraging the establishment of democratic
  institutions and civil society.
• Guide To IGOs, NGOs and The Military In Peace
  and Relief Operations
• Aall, Miltenberger Weiss

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The NGO Community

• Non-Governmental Organization Defined
• Every organization in society which is not part
  of the government, and which operates in civil
  society1
• UN agencies and ICRC are not NGO!
• NGO subset
• Non-Governmental Humanitarian Agencies

1 Source The Commonwealth Foundation,
February,1996
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The NGO Community

• Who they are
• Skilled professionals (doctors, engineers, etc)
• Paid workers and volunteers
• Local staff and expatriates
• Varying Sizes/programmatic focus
• International, regional, national, local or
  community interests
• Implementing partners
• The hands legs of donor agency programs

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The growth of NGO

• In 1909 were just 176 international NGO
  worldwide. In 1996the number was 38,243.
• Since US Foreign Assistance Act (1974), the
  number of international NGOs has increased 515
• In the single decade 1986-1996, the number of NGO
  increased by 78.
• Source The Nonprofit Piece of the Global
  Puzzle, Susan Raymond, Ph.D., 10/15/01

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Number of NGOs responding
Kurdish Somalia Rwanda
Yugoslavia Kosovo Crisis 91 93-94
94-95 92 -98 99
Source Frederick Burkle
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The Purchasing Power of NGO

• Distribute more aid than the World Bank
• Annual spending more than 1 trillion
• If viewed as single nation, NGO would equal 8th
  in economic power
• Did handle greater than 30 of American aid, and
  growingbut now???
• David Briscoe, AP, November 7, 1998

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NGO Strengths

• Critical recipient level humanitarian work
• Small size - less bureaucratic, cheaper more
  cost-effective
• Increased scope and independence
• Access to local knowledge
• Non-partisanship essential to security
• Humanitarian work protected by international
  convention

Source Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in
International Aid, 1998
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NGO Weaknesses

• Not homogenous system
• Lack of collaboration
• Small size
• Identify projects where they have expertise
• Donor dependent
• Dependence on government funding erodes
  independence

Source Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in
International Aid, 1998
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Donors
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DONORS

• Government Donors
• Should give with humanitarian objectives in mind
  but may be constrained by other political/policy
  issues
• The National Agenda
• View NGOs as critical partners in aid delivery
• Identify gaps in humanitarian response and target
  aid to fill gaps
• Will have some form of accountability mechanism

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Selected Major Donors

• ECHO
• European Community Humanitarian Office
• JICA
• Japanese International Cooperation Agency
• AusAID
• Australian Council for International Aid
• DfID
• UK Department for International Development
• USAID
• United States Agency for International
  Development
• YOU

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Selected humanitarian info web sites

• Afghanistan Information Management Service
• www.aims.org.pk
• Humanitarian Information Center for Iraq
• www.humanitarianinfo.org/iraq
• UN Organization Mission in the Democratic
  Republic of the Congo
• www.monuc.org
• RELIEF WEB (managed by OCHA)
• www.reliefweb.int
• UN Joint Logistics Centers
• www.unjlc.org

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Selected UN System web sites

• United Nations
• www.un.org
• UN System Locator
• www.unsystem.org
• UN Childrens Fund
• www.unicef.org
• UN Development Programme
• www.undp.org
• UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
• www.unhchr.ch
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees
• www.unhcr.ch
• World Bank

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Selected IO/NGO/Donor web sites

• International Council of Voluntary Agencies
  (ICVA)
• www.icva.ch
• InterAction
• www.interaction.org
• Australian Council for Overseas Aid (ACFOA)
• www.acfoa.asn.au
• The Sphere Project
• www.sphereproject.org
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• www.icrc.org
• __________________________________________________
  ___________________________________________
• US Agency for Intl Development/Office of Foreign
  Disaster Assistance
• www.usaid.gov/ofda

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Questions?