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RBAN
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• Characteristics of Stressed Communities
• Lack of basic services
• Insecure or unclear tenure of land
• Low household incomes
• Dependence upon informal work
  opportunities

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Urban Upgrading As A Response

• Objectives
• Improve overall conditions
• Safeguard from displacement
• Encourage self-rehabilitation
• Stimulate small business expansion
• Ensure affordability

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Urban Upgrading As A Response

• Factors to Consider
• Scale of the problem
• Severity of conditions
• Tenure
• Community participation
• Institutional framework
• Financial structure

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• Types of Upgrading Programs
• Community Infrastructure
• Lot titling
• Comprehensive Upgrading

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Community Infrastructure

• Simple and rapid
• Poor environmental conditions poor, secure
  tenure
• Cost less per capita
• Benefits per household low
• Financed by municipal taxes and user charges
• Comprises of physical improvements such as
  footpaths, sanitation, water supply, drainage

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Lot Titling

• Minimal infrastructure
• Fairly good environmental conditions, insecure
  tenure
• Establishes secure of tenure
• On-plot services such as wells and sanitation
  provided by individual household
• Low public investment

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Comprehensive Upgrading

• Combines community infrastructure and lot
  titling
• Poor environmental conditions, insecure tenure
• Greater administrative requirements and
  community involvement
• Costly but benefits per household great
• Include individual service connections

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• National Upgrading Programs require guidelines
  for assessing the positive and negative impacts
  of projects on the natural resource base.

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• Properly planned and implemented upgrading at
  local and national levels can improve depressed
  communities, stimulate residents to improve their
  own homes, and make the community an integral
  part of the urban fabric.

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RBAN
PGRADING