CommercialGovernment Applications Of GIS

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Commercial/Government Applications Of GIS Vehicle
Navigation
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What Is Navigation?
Reliably finding where you are, where you are
going, and what route to take.

• Progression Of Development
• Early Mariners Followed Coastlines
• Compass and Sextant (Latitude)
• Shipboard Chronometer (Longitude)
• Radio Based Navigation
• GPS

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The Primary Goal Of Employing A GIS To
Perform Vehicle Navigation
To Maximize Efficiency
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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS

• Objectives / Goals
• Maximize Efficiency
• Minimize Costs
• Improve Quality of Service
• Manage Resources

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS

• Role Of GIS
• Route Planning
• Geocoding
• Spatial Analysis / Querying
• Statistics
• Visualization

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS

• Data Model
• Primarily Vector Model (Network Framework)
• Some Raster Data Incorporation (Background)
• Data Required (all georeferenced)
• Road Networks
• -Distances
• -Speed Limits
• -Constraints (One-way, weight limits, etc.)
• Buildings
• Businesses
• Contact / Customer Locations
• Imagery For Orientation Assistance

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS

• Data Available (examples)
• Many Commercial Sources
• - NavTech
• - Tele Atlas
• Federal, State, and Municipal Government
• - Roads
• - Elevation (DEMs or Contours)
• - Digital Orthophotos
• In-House Data Collection
• - Collection Crews
• - Driver Sensor Logs

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS

• GIS Operations
• Data / Order Entry
• -Geocoded Destinations
• Route Planning / Network Analysis
• -Shortest Distance
• -Fastest
• -Optimal Distribution of Resources
• Queries
• -Who Is Nearest To This Location?
• -Travel Time To Destination?

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS

• User Interaction
• Office Only
• In-Vehicle (Real-Time Updates)

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS
Office Only

• User Interactions / Outputs
• Route Planning
• Order Entry
• Address Verification / Correction
• Driver Manifest Creation
• Route Map / Directions
• Customer Service (time window estimates)

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS
In-Vehicle

• Use Of Static Maps
• OR
• Real-Time Route Modifications Due To
• Weather Conditions
• Traffic Conditions
• Road Maintenance / Closures
• Mechanical Difficulties
• New Orders
• On Schedule / Late / Ahead Of Schedule
• Customer Scheduling Conflicts
• Driver Preferences

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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS
In-Vehicle

• Other Operations / Outputs
• Database Correction
• Map Updates
• Queries (ex what clients are within a distance?)
• Order Modification / Rescheduling
• Directions To Locations (Could Be Verbal)

In-Vehicle Navigation GIS utilizes inputs from
onboard sensors/equipment such as GPS receivers
and radio communication equipment to
provide real-time updates of data and route
changes.
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Business And Commercial Vehicle Navigation Using
GIS
Examples Of Potential / Current Types Of
Businesses Utilizing GIS For Navigation

• Traveling Sales / Sales Representatives
• Appliance Delivery (Sears)
• Repair / Service
• Cable TV Installers
• Pizza Delivery
• Taxi Companies (Oslo Taxi, Norway)
• Freight Shipping
• Package Delivery (UPS FedEx)

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS

• Objectives / Goals
• Maximize Efficiency
• Interact With Other Agencies
• Effective Emergency Response
• Manage Resources
• Safety Of Citizens And Troops

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS

• Role Of GIS
• Route Planning
• Infrastructure Information
• Spatial Analysis / Querying
• Analyze Movement Of Resources
• Visualization

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS

• Data Model
• Both Vector and Raster Model Dependent Upon
  Application
• Data Required (all georeferenced)
• Road Networks
• Railway Networks
• Hydrography (Streams Rivers, Lakes)
• Municipal Emergency Response Facility Locations
• Buildings
• Government Installations (Military Bases,
  Facilities)
• Imagery For Orientation Assistance
• Elevation (DTMs, Contours, TINs, etc.)
• Land Cover (from remote sensing imagery)

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS

• Data Available (examples)
• Many Commercial Sources
• - NavTech
• - Tele Atlas
• Federal, State, and Municipal Government
• - Roads
• - Land Cover
• - Hydrography
• - Elevation (DEMs or Contours)
• - Digital Orthophotos
• - Satellite Imagery

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS

• GIS Operations
• Data Entry / Updating
• Route Planning / Network Analysis
• -Shortest Distance
• -Fastest
• -Safest Route
• -Passable Route
• -Most Strategic
• -Optimal Distribution of Resources
• Queries
• -Ex Nearby Resources
• Monitoring Of Resource Locations

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS

• User Interaction / Outputs
• Route Maps (Printed and Electronic)
• Route Modifications Due To Changes In Conditions
• Monitoring Movement Of Resources Real-Time
• Driving Directions Audible and Visual
• Queries
• Secure Web-Served Information, Wireless Capable
• Sensor Inputs For Real-Time Monitoring
• GPS Onboard Vehicles
• Digital Compass / Inclinometers / Gyroscopes
• Odometer
• Radio Communication Equipment

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Government Agency Vehicle Navigation Using GIS
Examples Of GIS Vehicle Navigation Applications
In Government

• Military Cargo Shipping
• Ambulance Route Planning
• Military Campaign Operations
• Emergency Response

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Modeling Reality

• Model Depends Upon Type Of Operations Desired
• Vector Network Analysis
• Raster Surface Analysis

Most Vehicle Navigation GIS In Business Applicatio
ns Use Vector Networks To Model Reality
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Modeling Reality

• Vector Model Network Analysis
• Foundation Is Graph Theory
• Network Of Interconnected Nodes
• Based Upon Topology And Geometry

• Nodes Represent Entities
• Connections (Links) Represent Relations Between
  Entities

Topology Characteristics Of Entities That Do Not
Depend Upon Measurement In A Coordinate System
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Modeling Reality An Example
Network Representation Allows Analysis - Route /
Path Planning
A Simple And Early Example Of Graph Theory /
Navigation The 7 Bridges Of Königsberg The
Euler Path
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The 7 Bridges Of Königsberg The Euler Path
Bridges Modeled As Links Land Forms Modeled As
Nodes
(In This Example There Is No Path Where Every
Bridge Is Visited Exactly Once)
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Navigation Routing Algorithms
Primary Goal Of Most Navigation Problems
Finding The Most Efficient Route
Vector Network Model And Graph Theory Allow
Analysis Of Network To Optimize Navigation Routes

• A Variety Of Algorithms Exist For Route
  Optimization
• Dijkstras Shortest Path Algorithm
• -Weighted Links
• -Best Path Chosen By Minimizing Weights And
  Distances
• Heuristic Methods
• -Graph Growth Algorithm
• Genetic Algorithm
• -Path Chosen Based Upon Fitness

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Examples Of Business And Government GIS Vehicle
Navigation Applications In Use

• Business Example
• Sears, Roebuck, and Co.
• Government Agency Example
• IRRIS

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A Business Example Sears, Roebuck Co.

• Reasons For Implementing A GIS
• For Route Navigation
• More Efficient Vehicle Use
• Reduce Delivery Window
• Optimize Delivery Routes
• Improve Customer Service
• Increase Customer Satisfaction

The Result The EHDS, Implemented in 1997
EHDS Is An Acronym For Enhanced Home
Delivery System
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Sears EHDS

• The Problems
• Over 4 Million Appliance Deliveries Per Year
• Manual Tasks Occupied Large Amounts Of Employee
  Time
• Delivery Windows Of Around 6 Hours
• Delivery Windows Missed At Least 20 Of The Time
• Inefficient Fleet Management
• Errors In Address Information

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Sears EHDS

• Goal
• To Reduce The Delivery Window To Two Hours
• And Be Within That Window At Least 90 Of The
  Time
• Implementation
• Customized Version Of ESRIs ArcLogistics Package
• Vector Data Model

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Sears EHDS

• Inputs / Interaction
• Orders Placed, Delivery Date Scheduled
• Geocoding Verifies Addresses
• Correction Of Incorrect Address Information
• Voice Response Unit Tracks Progress Of Each
  Driver
• Drivers Can Report Conditions Routes Recomputed
• GPS Vehicle Tracking
• Outputs / Visualization
• Driver Manifests
• -Address, Item, Delivery Window, Directions
• Real-Time Fleet Monitoring On Maps In Office

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Sears EHDS

• The Results
• Address Verification Reduced From Five Hours
  Daily To A Maximum Of 20 Minutes.
• Miles Per Stop Reduced By 0.6 Mile While Adding 4
  More Stops Per Truck
• Consolidation Of Routing Centers From 46 To 12
• A 9.2 Percent Increase In Delivery Orders With
  Same Fleet Size
• Annual Savings Of At Least 30 Million
• Ontime Performance Increase From 78 To More Than
  90
• Customer Satisfaction Rate Increase From 84.7 To
  87.4
• Drive Time Reduced By 6
• Overtime Pay Reduced By 15

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Government Example IRRIS
Military Cargo Transportation Routing,
Navigation, And Monitoring

• Tasks Performed
• Aggregation Of Transportation Information
• Assistance With Logistical Decision Making
• Access To Data By 400-500 Military Users
• Dynamic Adaptation Due To Conditions
• Providing Navigation Directions
• Identification Of Best Route For Transit
• Secure Data Delivery To Users (Drivers Included)
• Tracking Freight And Personnel Shipments

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Government Example IRRIS

• Who Is Responsible?
• Primary Development Contractor Intergraph
• Agency MTMCTEA
• (Military Traffic Management Command
  Transportation Engineering Agency)

• Data Incorporated
• 104 Different Data Layers, From Commercial
  Sources As Well As Govt.
• About 1 Terabyte Of Data
• Vector Data Model Primarily, But Some Raster Data
  Utilized
• Intelliwhere Location Server
• Base Maps From NavTech

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Government Example IRRIS

• User Interactions
• Real Time Monitoring Of Locations Of Military
  Shipments
• Interactive Point-Click Interface
• Weather And Road Conditions Updated Real-Time
• Route Planning Based On
• -Cargo Type / Weight / Size
• -Truck Type
• -Route Conditions
• -Security Concerns
• Web Based Secure Server Provides Bidirectional
  Live Updates
• Driver Directions
• -Aerial Photos Available Online For Route
  Clarification
• -Hazardous Materials Roads
• -Railways, Waterways, Terminals

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Government Example IRRIS
IRRIS Is still evolving. The goal is for IRRIS
to become a one-stop shop on the web for
transportation infrastructure information.
Static transportation information is
combined with live vehicle tracking and route
condition data. Although originally designed for
military applications, businesses and private
citizens are finding new uses for IRRIS as well.
Source Geospatial Solutions, February 2003,
Fort To Port, Barthello and Beiagi, Pp. 28-31