ORNIS: Introduction to GIS

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ORNISIntroduction to GIS

• Bill Monahan
• Audubon California

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Outline

• What is GIS?
• How does it work?
• Overview of spatial data
• Examples (ORNIS)
• Software

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What is GIS?

• GIS Geographic Information System(s)
• GIS is a collection of computer hardware,
  software, and geographic data for capturing,
  managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of
  geographically referenced information.
• Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI),
  2007

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What is GIS?

• GIS Geographic Information System(s)
• GIS is a collection of computer hardware,
  software, and geographic data for capturing,
  managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of
  geographically referenced information.
• Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI),
  2007

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What is GIS?

• Started in 1965 at the Harvard Laboratory for
  Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
• Diverse group assembled to rethink thematic
  mapping

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What is GIS?

• An image with attribute information

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What is GIS?

• Tool to make complex patterns simple

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What is GIS?

• Environment for integrating different data

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How does GIS work?
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How does GIS work?
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How does GIS work?

• 3 main concepts
• Datum
• Projection
• Coordinate system

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How does GIS work?

• Datum

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How does GIS work?

• Projection

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How does GIS work?

• Desirable projections qualities
• Equal-area
• True shape
• True scale
• True direction
• Select projection that preserves these qualities
  in your study area

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How does GIS work?

• Coordinate system

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How does GIS work?

• Spatial extent Spatial
  scale

• Verbal scale
• 1 mm 12 km
• Graphic scale
• Relative scale
• 124,000

Y Latitude
X Longitude
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Overview of spatial data
Raster and vector data collide
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Overview of spatial data

• Vector data

Points, lines, and polygons
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Overview of spatial data

• Shapefiles are common vector representations of
  GIS data
• Shapefiles consist of 3 main components
• .shp geometry
• .shx index of geometry
• .dbf database of attributes

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Overview of spatial data

• Raster data

Resolution e.g. 4 x 4 km
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Overview of spatial data

• Raster data - interpolation

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Overview of spatial data

• Raster data - interpolation

Inverse distance weighting
Kriging
Polynomials
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Overview of spatial data

• Raster data - remote sensing

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Overview of spatial data

• Raster data - remote sensing

Passive Natural EM radiation e.g.
Infrared, Aerial light photography
Active Sensor EM radiation e.g. RADAR, LIDAR
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Overview of spatial data

• Raster data - remote sensing

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Overview of spatial data
Tradeoffs between the 2 types of data
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Overview of spatial data
Tradeoffs between the 2 types of data
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Examples (ORNIS)
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Examples (ORNIS)

• Can the contemporary distribution of the
  species be explained by climate?
• If so, what will the distribution of the
  species look like under a future climate
  scenario?

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Examples (ORNIS)

• Search/download records
• from all providers, n 243
• Use current climatic
• attributes to develop SDM
• Project SDM onto future
• climate surfaces

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Examples (ORNIS)
Current
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Examples (ORNIS)
AUC 0.98
Current
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Examples (ORNIS)
AUC 0.98
Current
Future
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Examples (ORNIS)
Fuente Cees van Westen y Ruben D. Vargas (2003)
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Examples (ORNIS)

• Predicted range
• Stability Purple
• Expansion Blue
• Contraction Red

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Software
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Source Wikipedia
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Free
Source Wikipedia
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Other GIS Software Resources

• DIVA-GIS
• http//www.diva-gis.org/
• R-Project for Statistical Computing
• http//www.r-project.org/
• Free Geography Tools
• http//freegeographytools.com/
• GISWiki
• http//en.giswiki.net/
• FreeGIS.org
• http//freegis.org/