LongTerm Memory

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Long-Term Memory
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Capacity
• Analogy
• Scrapbook or treasure chest
• What type of info is stored?
• Some think LTM is unlimited

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However.
STM
LTM
I just sat down.
I had lunch.
I got my drivers licence.
I walked to class.
Years Hours Minutes Now
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Coding
• One explanation for errors of retrieval
• Problems with encoding

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Long-Term Potentiation
http//web.bvu.edu/faculty/ferguson/Course_Materia
l/Cognitive_Processes/Images/LTP.jpg
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Retention Duration
• Recognition
• Recall
• Experiment 1 recall of Spanish
• Experiment 2 recall of spatial layout of a city

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Forgetting
• Ebbinghauss forgetting curve

http//www.moorshire.com/images/forgettingcurve.jp
g
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Forgetting
• A learning task Paired-associates learning

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Forgetting
• Interference
• Proactive interference
• Retroactive interference

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• How does interference work?
• Retrieval Cue
• Fan effect

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Retrieval of Information
• Mnemonics
• Categorization

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Retrieval of Information
• Mnemonics
• Encoding specificity
• State-dependent memory
• Environment (context effect)

1. Learn List
2. Testing Location
Land
Underwater
Land
Underwater
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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Retrieval of Information
• Mnemonics
• Encoding specificity
• State-dependent memory
• Physiological state
• Mood

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Retrieval of Information
• Mnemonics
• Encoding specificity
• Spacing effect
• Encoding variability

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The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory
The Traditional View of Long-Term Memory

• Retrieval of Information
• Mnemonics
• Encoding specificity
• Cue overload
• Amount of processing (blackwhite blacktrain)

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The Levels-of Processing View

• Basic assumption Depth of Analysis
• Superficial or shallow encoding
• Deeper or semantic encoding

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The Levels-of Processing View

• Basic assumption Depth of Analysis
• Experiment
• Capital letters?
• Rhyming?
• Fit into sentence?

BABY monkey
cat fish
plate ocean
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Short-Term Memory vs. Long-Term Memory

• Time info stored
• Capacity
• Coding (form of storage)
• Ways info retained or forgotten
• Ways info retrieved

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Suggestions for Studying

• Elaborate
• Organize
• Associate
• Take breaks
• Match learning and testing conditions

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• Question
• Do lab experiments really tell us anything about
  how memory works in real life?

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Reconstructive Nature of Memory

• Autobiographical Memory

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Reconstructive Nature of Memory

• Flashbulb Memories

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Reconstructive Nature of Memory

• Eyewitness Memory
• Elizabeth Loftus experiments

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Reconstructive Nature of Memory

• The Recovered/False Memory Debate

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Neurological Studies
H.M. case
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Amnesia

• Anterograde Amnesia
• Affects LTM but not working memory
• Affects memory regardless of modality
• Spares general knowledge
• Spares skilled performance
• Although skilled performance depends on context
  (hyperspecific memory)

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Amnesia

• Retrograde Amnesia
• Temporal extent varies among patients
• Most recent memories are most likely to be lost
• Spares overlearned information
• Spares skilled learning