ATM OCN 100 Summer 1999

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Surface Weather Map from Today with Isobars
Fronts
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Current Temperatures (oF) Isotherms
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Hurricanes Isaac Joyce
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Yesterdays High Temperatures (oF) (1961-90)
Average High Temperatures
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Tomorrows 7AM Forecast
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Current Wind-Chill Equivalent Temperatures (oF)
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ATM OCN 100 - Fall 2000LECTURE 7

• ATMOSPHERIC ENERGETICS RADIATION
• A. INTRODUCTION
• What is radiation?
• What is significance of radiation?

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ATM OCN 100 - Fall 2000LECTURE 7

• ATMOSPHERIC ENERGETICS RADIATION (cont.)
• A. INTRODUCTION
• B. RADIANT ENERGY - Fundamentals

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B. RADIANT ENERGY orELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

• The nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Wave forms
• Terminology describing waves
• Speed of wave
• Wavelength Fig 2.2 Moran Morgan (1997)
• Frequency

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WAVE TERMINOLOGY

• Speed of wave
• miles per hour or meters per second
• Wavelength
• meters or micrometers
• Frequency
• Cycles per second or Hertz
• Fundamental Relationship
• Speed wavelength x frequency

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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The entire spectrum
• Typical names
• X-Rays through Radio Waves
• Spectral regions important to meteorology
• UV, Visible, IR (also microwave)

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The Electromagnetic SpectrumSee Fig. 2.1 Moran
Morgan (1997)
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The Hazards of UV Radiation

• Region of concern
• UVA
• UVB
• Consequences of increased UV Radiation
• Skin Cancer
• Cataracts
• Changes in Genetic Pool
• The UV Index

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Current UVI Forecast
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• Important relationships of radiation
• Ideal radiators/absorbers (black bodies)
• The ideal radiator curve
• Total amount of Energy emitted/absorbed
• Region of maximum radiation
  where ...

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Electromagnetic Radiation Emission/Absorption as
a function of Temperature
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• Total energy emitted/absorbed.
• (also known as Stefan-Boltzmanns Law)

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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• Region of maximum radiation.
• (also known as Wien's Displacement Law)

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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• Inverse Square Relationship
• Intensity of incident radiation varies inversely
  with square of distance from radiation source

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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• Inverse Square Relationship
• Intensity of incident radiation varies inversely
  with square of distance from radiation source

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INVERSE SQUARE LAW (cont.)
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INVERSE SQUARE LAW (cont.)
Earth
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FUNDAMENTALS (cont.)

• Zenith Angle Relationship
• Intensity of incoming radiation is
• greatest for vertically oriented rays
• least for rays that parallel horizontal surface.
• Intensity of incoming radiation is proportional
  to cosine of incident angle (defined as
  zenith angle)

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COSINE ANGLE RELATIONSHIP (cont.)
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C. THE EARTH, THE SUN andTHE RADIATION LINK

• The Sun Solar radiation
• A star with surface temperature ? 6000 K
• Peak radiation ???????m.

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Our Sun Space Environment Center
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Extra-atmospheric Solar Radiation
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C. THE EARTH, THE SUN THE RADIATION LINK
(cont.)

• Receipt of solar radiation by Earth-atmosphere
  system
• Solar Constant Incoming solar radiation received
  on surface that is
• Perpendicular to suns rays
• Above atmosphere
• at mean earth-sun distance.
• Currently accepted value
• 2 cal/cm2/min 1370 Watt/m2.

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INVERSE SQUARE LAW (cont.)
Earth
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C. THE EARTH, THE SUN THE RADIATION LINK
(cont.)

• Our place in the Sun -- Annual diurnal
  motions of Earth
• Solstices equinoxes
• Local noon sunrise/sunset

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Earths Orbit of Sun The Cause of the Seasons
See Fig. 2.10 Moran Morgan (1997)
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DAYLIGHT-NIGHT (23 JUN)
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DAYLIGHT-NIGHT (21 SEP)
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DAYLIGHT-NIGHT (22 DEC)
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Latitudinal Dependency
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Our Tilted Earth
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Diurnal Variation in Solar Altitude Angle at
Madison
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C. THE EARTH, THE SUN THE RADIATION LINK
(cont.)

• Disposition of solar radiation in
  Earth-atmosphere system
• Reflected
• Scattered
• Absorbed
• Transmitted
• Albedo
• where...

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ALBEDO

• The reflectivity of a surface
• Albedo of surfaces
• Implications

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C. THE EARTH, THE SUN THE RADIATION LINK
(cont.)

• Terrestrial radiation
• Emitted from earth-atmosphere system
• Radiating temperature ????????
• Peak radiation region ??????m.

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Terrestrial or Long Wave Radiation Emitted at 300
KSee Fig 2.4, Moran Morgan (1997)
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ATM OCN 100 - Fall 2000 LECTURE 8

• ATMOSPHERIC ENERGETICS RADIATION ENERGY
  BUDGETS
• A. INTRODUCTION
• What maintains life?
• How does Planet Earth maintain a habitable
  environment?

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B. ENERGY (HEAT) BUDGETS

• Energy budget philosophy
• INPUT OUTPUT STORAGE
• Planetary annual energy budget
• Short wave radiation components
• Long wave radiation components
• Non radiative components (where)...

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Background - The Earth, The Sun The Radiation
Link

• INPUT -- Solar Radiation
• From Sun radiating at temperature ? 6000 K
• Peak radiation ???????m
• Solar Constant ? 2 cal/cm2/min or 1370 W/m2
• OUTPUT -- Terrestrial radiation
• Emitted from earth-atmosphere system
• Radiating temperature ????????
• Peak radiation region ??????m.

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Planetary Radiative Energy Budget From Geog. 101
UW-Stevens Point
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PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSShort Wave Components

• Disposition of solar radiation in
  Earth-atmosphere system
• Reflected
• Scattered
• Absorbed
• Transmitted
• Implications

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PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSLong Wave Components

• Disposition of long radiation in
  Earth-atmosphere system
• Emitted
• Absorbed
• Transmitted

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PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSLong Wave Components
(cont.)

• Atmospheric or Greenhouse Effect
• Background
• Greenhouse Gases H2O, CO2, CH4
• Implications

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PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETSNon-Radiative Components

• Disposition of non-radiative fluxes in
  Earth-atmosphere system
• Types of non-radiative fluxes
• Sensible heat transport
• Latent Heat transport
• Implications

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PLANETARY ENERGY BUDGETS (cont.)

• ANNUAL AVERAGE
• Input Output
• Absorbed solar Emitted terrestrial
• LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION
• Input Output Curves
• Energy surplus deficit regions
• Meridional energy transport in Atmosphere
  Oceans

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OCEAN CURRENTS
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