$tate department, 1898: We need new market$!

1
tate department, 1898We need new market!

• It seems to be conceded that every year we shall
  be confronted with an increasing surplus of
  manufactured goods for sale in foreign markets if
  American operatives and artisans are to be kept
  employed the year around. The enlargement of
  foreign consumption of the products of our mills
  and workshops has, therefore, become a serious
  problem of statesmanship as well as of commerce.

2

• President William McKinley, 1898
• Most popular president since Lincoln
• First modern cabinet administrators, not
  politicians

3
The Anti-Imperialist League, 1898
As for the flag of the Philippine province, it
is easily managed. We can have a special one. We
can just have our usual flag, with the white
stripes painted black and the stars replaced by
the skull and cross bones. Mark Twain
4
The Platt Amendment (1902)

• The U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba to
  protect its independence
• Cubas debt would be monitored by the U.S.
• a fiscal cleanup plan to make Cuba more
  attractive to U.S. investors
• a 99 year lease on Guantanamo Bay base

5
Emiliano Aguinaldo, leader of the Filipino revolt

• 1898, Treaty of Paris gives all Spanish
  controlled islands in exchange for 20 million.
• 120,000 U.S. soldiers sent to the Philippines
• Almost 220,000 Filipinos killed resisting U.S.
  occupation (some estimates much higher)

6
John Hays open door policy, 1899

• All nations have equal trading rights in China
• Chinese tariffs shall apply equally everywhere
• Only Chinese government will collect taxes and
  duties

7
The Panama Canal
1903 TR backs uprising that creates Panama 1906
U.S. approves Panama Canal as a lock canal TR
visits the site 1914 Panama Canal opens for
business
8

• 1904 1,300 trusts in the United States
• Aggregate capitalization of 724 billion dollars
• Between 1897 and 1904, about a third of all
  previously existing companies disappeared
• 1909 5 percent of manufacturers employed 62
  percent of all manufacturing workers

9
T.R.s record, 1901-1908

• First president to effectively use the Sherman
  anti-trust act
• Helping settle a coal strike rather than breaking
  the union (1901)
• Passage of the Pure Food and Drug and Meat
  Inspection Acts (1906)

10

• T. Roosevelt used his executive authority to
  triple land set aside for national forests, to
  150 million acres.
• Doubled number of national parks
• Established 16 national monuments such as Muir
  woods
• Established 51 wildlife refuges

11
Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party

• 1908 Debs won 400,000 votes in his
  presidential bid
• Almost 120,000 members in 1912
• 1,150 socialists held office in 36 states and
  325 towns and cities
• Eugene Debs ran for president in 1912 and 1920
  and won almost a million votes

12

• The Lawrence Massachusetts strike of 1912
• Led by the Industrial Workers of the World
• Multicultural immigrant strike

13
The Industrial Workers of the World

• Advocated anarcho-syndicalism a
  decentralized, stateless world run by unions
  (syndicato)
• Advocated sabotage, although its members rarely
  actually followed through on this
• Based in big western industries lumber and
  mining, especially

William Haywood, wild eyed radical (accept no
substitutes)
14
Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) 1912

• Called for Womens Suffrage . . .
• Direct election of U.S. Senators
• Graduated income tax
• Initiative, referendum, and the recall

15
TRs New Nationalism vs. Wilsons New Freedom

• Supported policies that would protect small
  business, smaller cities, and the professions
• Especially anti-trust
• Suspicious of federal power
• Sympathetic to states rights democrats

• TR supportive of expansion of Federal government
  to regulate commerce and industry
• Supported womens suffrage, lower tariffs,
  graduated income tax

16
The Presidential Election of 1912

• Democrat Woodrow Wilson (the winner) 42 percent
  of the vote
• Progressive Roosevelt 27 percent
• Republican Taft 23 percent
• Socialist E.V. Debs 6 percent!
• . . . Distinctly leftward turn for American
  politics

17
Federal Income Tax, 1913

• 1895 Supreme Court declares Federal income tax
  unconstitutional
• 1913 Congress and the states ratify the 16th
  amendment, which gave Congress the right to levy
  direct taxes
• 1913 Congress puts 1 percent tax on individual
  and corporate incomes over 4,000 a year

18
The Federal Reserve Systemcreated on December
23, 1913

• Board of Governors appointed by the President (of
  the United States)
• The Chair and Vice Chair named by the President
  from the board
• Individual banks belong to 12 regional banks and
  keep some of their money in the regional banks
• The Federal Reserve lends money to banks at the
  Prime Rate, determined by the Board of Governors

19
The Clayton Act, 1914

• Specifically listed trade practices that were
  unlawful (so they couldnt be called
  manufacturing practices)
• Prohibited interlocking directorates in
  corporations
• Unions could not be enjoined when acting
  legally.

20
Federal Trade Commission

• Investigated unfair trade practices
• Unfair methods of competition

1959 Federal Trade Commission waged a 15 year
campaign to get the makers of Geritol to stop
saying that it cured iron poor tired blood,
which it didnt.
1950s Companies that manufactured little liver
pills admitted to the FTC that the pills had no
impact on the human liver.
phishing
21
Ways to stop the voting

• Poll taxes, 1 or 2 dollars, paid in advance of
  the election
• No assistants allowed for illiterate voters
• Literacy tests requiring elaborate recitation of
  state constitutions
• Grandfather clauses (did your grandfather vote
  before the Civil War?)

22
Disenfranchisement in the South (by percentage
of adult male population eligible to vote)
1876 1900 1912
Alabama 72 38 22
Georgia 63 22 18
Louisiana 74 20 18
Mississippi 80 18 17
South Carolina 100 20 17
23
Booker T. Washington

• Born in Virginia just before the Civil War
• 1881 founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial
  Institute

24
Race riot Atlanta, Georgia, 1906

• 25 blacks killed
• 1 white killed
• 4 blacks beaten to death

25
DuBois three questions for Booker T. Washington,
1903

• How can African Americans advance themselves
  economically if they have no political power?
• How can they have pride in themselves if they are
  second class citizens?
• How can they maintain good common schools without
  teachers trained in colleges and universities?

26
Race riot Springfield, Illinois, 1908

• 4000 national guard troops brought in to stop the
  riot
• NAACP founded a year later

27
The Niagra Movement meeting of 1905 and public
concern over the Springfield riot of 1908
resulted in the founding of the NAACP in 1909.
Niagra civil rights meeting of 1905
28
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• New Orleans black community sends Homer Plessy to
  test Louisiana train segregation law
• Supreme Court rules seven to one to uphold the
  Separate Car Act as long as there were equal
  accommodations for everyone
• Harlans lone dissent The arbitrary separation
  of citizens on the basis of race . . . Is a badge
  of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil
  freedom and equality before the law . . .

29
Souls of Black Folk themes

• Centrality of slavery as a cause of the Civil War
• The legitimacy of Reconstruction
• Challenging Booker T. Washington
• Calling for an educated elite, a talented
  tenth, to engage in political action
• Calling for African Americans to become more
  engaged in civic culture, not just commercial
  activity

W.E.B. DuBois