Medieval Western Europe

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Medieval Western Europe

• A Quest for Order

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Periodization
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
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Western Europe. In the Middle Ages

• The Medieval WorldConversion of Clovis links
  German barbarians with Christianity (496)
• Problem of Order after collapse of Rome
• Competing interests single empirereconstitution
  of Rome Christendom under papacy unforeseen
  third optionDynastic States.

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Europe in the 6c
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Souces of the Medieval World

• Memory of the Old Roman Empire
• Memory of Greco-Roman Civilization
• Emergence of the Institutional Church
• Germanic Culture

Beginnings of Europe St. Remi baptizes Clovis
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The Medieval Catholic Church

• filled the power vacuum left from the
  collapse of the classical world.
• monasticism
• St. Benedict Benedictine Rule of poverty,
  chastity, and obedience.
• provided schools for the children of the upper
  class.
• inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
• libraries scriptoria to copy books and
  illuminate manuscripts.
• monks ? missionaries to the barbarians. St.
  Patrick, St. Boniface

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The Power of the Medieval Church

• bishops and abbots played a large part in the
  feudal system.
• the church controlled about 1/3 of the land
  in Western Europe.
• tried to curb feudal warfare ? only 40 days a
  year for combat.
• curb heresies ? crusades Inquisition
• tithe ? 1/10 tax on your assets given to the
  church.
• Peters Pence ? 1 penny per person paid by
  the peasants.

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A Medieval Monks Day
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A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
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Illuminated Manuscripts
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Papacy

• Under Church fathers, early heresy is
  overcomenature of Jesus.
• Triumph of St. Augustines world view (354-430)
  Civitas Dei
• Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Great (590-604)
  elevate position of papacynew converts accept
  papal supremacy.
• Is Pope superior to Kings?

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Papacy-2

• Gelasian Theory
• Investiture Controvesy
• Innocent III (1198-1216)
• Gothic Architecture
• Scholasticism

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Romanesque Architectural Style

• Rounded Arches.
• Barrel vaults.
• Thick walls.
• Darker, simplistic interiors.
• Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

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Gothic Architectural Style

• Replaced Romanesque
• Pointed arches.
• High, narrow vaults.
• Thinner walls.
• Flying buttresses.
• Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
• Stained-glass windows.

Flying Buttresses
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Cathedral At Chartres Romanesque And Gothic
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Cathedral at Rheims
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So Why Doesnt the Papacy Prevail

• Corruption
• Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (1305-1377)
• Great Schism (1378-1415)
• Failure of Conciliar Movement (1422-1450)
• Success of Dynastic States

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A Quest for a New Rome

• Collapse of the Merovingian DynastyLes Rois
  Fainéants
• Coming of the CarolingiansCharles Martel
  Donation of Pepin
• CharlemagneCrowned 800 as H. R. E.
• Treaty of Verdun--843

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Charlemagne 742 to 814
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Charlemagnes Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor Dec.
25, 800
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The Carolingian Renaissance
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Carolingian Miniscule
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Charlemagnes Empire CollapsesTreaty of Verdun,
843
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Fedualism-Manorialism Response to Collapse of
Carolingian Order

• Decentralized governmental systemslocal nobles
  defacto rulers--feudalism
• Reciprocity
• Localized economies tied to self sufficient
  manors--manorialism

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Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service.
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Carcassonne A Medieval Castle
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Parts of a Medieval Castle
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The Medieval Manor
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Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
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Feudal Socio/Political Order
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Emergence of Dynastic States

• Success in Western Europeforerunners of England,
  France, and Spain
• Interference of Papacy deterred evolution of
  more-or-less unitary states in the Italian
  Penensula and the Germanies until the 19th
  century.

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Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
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Alfred the Great (871-899)

• King of Wessex who wielded power over all of
  Heptarchy
• Defeated Vikings (Danes)
• Issued a Code of Laws for all the realm
• Began the English Navy
• Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (measure
  of stability)

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The Rise of European Monarchies England
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William the ConquerorBattle of Hastings,
1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)
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William IKing of England (1066-1087)

• Introduced Norman Feudalism into
  Englandemphasized power of King (Salisbury Oath)
• Domesday Survey

• Great Council created out of Witan
• Curia Regis established
• Much central authority compared to earlier
  governmental arrangements in England

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Evolution of Englands Political System

• Henry I
• Williams son.
• set up a court system.
• Exchequer ? dept. of royal finances.

• Henry II
• established the principle of common law
  throughout the kingdom.
• grand jury.
• trial by jury.

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Magna Carta, 1215

• King John I
• Runnymeade
• Great Charter
• monarchs were not above the law.
• kings had to consult a council of
  advisors.
• kings could not tax arbitrarily.

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The Beginnings of the British Parliament

• Both tool of nobles and tool of crown
• 1295Model Parliament under Edward III
  (1272-1307)included all classes of
  representativesNobles, plus Burgesses (towns)
  and Knights of the Shire (Counties).
• by 1400, two chambers evolved
• House of Lords ? nobles clergy.
• House of Commons ? knights and burgesses.

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Wars of the Roses

• Long View1399-1485
• Contingencymight not have been necessary if
  Henry V had lived a long time.
• ContingencyRichard IIIs image and usurpation
  gave Tudors a chance to press the Lancastrian
  claim.
• Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth
  Field, he and his descendants had to create
  mythologies and interests that supported a
  nascent nationalism.
• Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based
  Civil War.

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Long View Wars of the Roses
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The Rise of European Monarchies
France
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Dynastic State in France

• Hugh Capet (r. 987-1328) held exclusive title to
  Ile de France.
• Louis VI (r. 1108-37) added to Capetian lands and
  crushed nobles who resisted.
• Philip II (r. 1180-1223) was first French King to
  be more powerful than any of his Vassals.
• Philip IV (r. 1285-1314) intimidated Pope
  Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals to
  name a Frenchman Pope.
• Louis IX (r. 1461-1483) used nationalismhatred
  of English and defeated Duke of Burgundymaster
  of real politik

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Waning of the Middle Ages

• Crusades
• Rise of Towns and Cities
• Trade
• End of Scholastic Consensus

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Pope Urban II Preaching a Crusade
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Christian Crusades East and West
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Medieval Universities
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Oxford University
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Late Medieval Town Dwellings
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Medieval Trade
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Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall

• Commercial Monopoly
• Controlled membership apprentice ? journeyman
  ? master craftsman
• Controlled quality of the product masterpiece.
• Controlled prices

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Medieval Guilds A Goldsmiths Shop
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Crest of a Coopers Guild