Title: Computing with Students from LIS
1 Computing with Students from LIS
ECE 1001
- Prof. Marian S. Stachowicz
- Laboratory for Intelligent Systems
- ECE Department, University of Minnesota, USA
- November 13, 2008
2Outline
- LIS
- Computing with Words
- Fuzzy Logic - Mathematica Package
- Color Mining
3LIS
- LABORATORY FOR INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
- http//www.d.umn.edu/ece/lis
4Laboratory for Intelligent Systems
5Research
- Soft computing
- Computing with words
- Colors in computer vision
6Undergraduate and graduate students concentrate
on methods and algorithms for soft computing and
their applications in - image processing, -
multi-objective optimization, - color
recognition.
RESEARCH
7Courses
- ECE 3151 Control Systems
- ECE 5831 Fuzzy Sets Theory
- ECE 8831 Soft Computing
8ECE 3151- Spring 2008
9ECE 5831-F-2006
10Study Abroad - Advisor
1
- AGH University of Science and Technology-Poland
- University of Canterbury - New Zealand
- Sydney University - Australia
- Linkoping University - Sweden
- East Kazakhstan State Technical University -
Kazakhstan
11AGH Krakow - Poland, June 2008
12AGH Krakow - Poland, June 2008
13Ust-Kamenogorsk-Kazakhstan - 9/2008
14LIS has been founded in cooperation with
Minnesota Power and 3M.
15Computing with Words
- Computing with Words (CW) is a methodology in
which words are used in place of numbers for
computing and reasoning.
16LEXICAL IMPRECISION
- STAR TRIBUNE-BUSINESS, MAY 12, 2008
- STOCK PRICES FELL SHARPLY AND BROADLY THURSDAY,
AS INVESTORS WORIED THAT RISING OIL PRICES WOULD
QUICKEN THE PACE OF INFLATION AND FORCE
POLICYMAKERS TO RAISE INTEREST RATES FURTHER. - THE ABRUPT DROP, THE LARGEST SINCE JANUARY, CAME
SEVERAL DAYS OF MODEST BUT STEADY INCREASES IN
DOW JONES INDUSTRIAL AVERAGE.
17Computing with Words
- CW is a necessity when the available information
is too imprecise to justify the use of numbers. - When there is tolerance for imprecision which can
be exploited to achieve tractability, robustness,
low solution cost, and better rapport with
reality.
18A key aspect of CW is that it involves a fusion
of natural languages and computation with
linguistic variables.
19A linguistic variable AGE
- T(AGE) YOUNG, NOT YOUNG, VERY YOUNG, NOT VERY
YOUNG, , OLD, NOT OLD, VERY OLD, NOT VERY OLD,
, MIDDLE AGED, NOT MIDDLE AGED,, NOT OLD AND
NOT MIDDLE AGED,, EXTREMELY OLD,
20Fuzzy Partition
- Fuzzy partitions formed by the linguistic values
young, middle aged, and old
21What are Fuzzy Sets?
22Problem 1 Given the set U 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,describe the set of prime
numbers.
A u in U u is a prime number
The elements of the set are defined unequivocally
as A 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
23 Problem 2 Now using the same set U,
suppose we want to describe the set of small
numbers.
M u in U u is a small number
Now, it is not so easy to define the set. We
can use a sharp transition like the following,
24An alternative way to define the set would be to
use a smooth transition.
25(No Transcript)
26 Fuzzy Sets
- A fuzzy set A defined in the universal space U is
a function defined in U which assumes values in
the range 0,1 . - A U ? 0, 1
27Characteristic Function
A U ? 0, 1
Membership Function
M U ? 0, 1
28Areas of Applications 1
- Approximate Reasoning
- Fuzzy Decision Making
- Fuzzy Arithmetic
- Fuzzy Modeling
- Fuzzy Logic Control
29Fuzzy Modeling
30Fuzzy Sets
- The human brain interprets imprecise and
incomplete sensory information provided by
perceptive organs. - Fuzzy sets theory provides a systematic calculus
to deal with such information linguistically, and
it performs numerical computation by using
linguistic labels stipulated by membership
functions.
31Fuzzy sets theory provides a strict mathematical
framework in which vague conceptual
phenomena can be precisely and rigorously studied.
32Where is Fuzzy System Used?
- Linear and Nonlinear Process Control
- Robotics, Automation, Tracking
- Consumer Electronics
- VCRs, Digital High Definition Television,
Microwave Ovens, Cameras, etc. - Pattern Recognition
- Image Processing, Machine Vision
- Decision Making
33Where is Fuzzy System Used?
- Sensor Fusion, Risk Analysis
- Financial Systems
- Information Systems
- Data Base Management
- Information Retrieval
- Data Analysis
- Meteorology
- Art and Music
34Fuzzy Systems
- Why fuzzy systems?
- What are fuzzy systems?
- Where are fuzzy systems used and how?
35Fuzzy Systems
- Fuzzy systems are knowledge-based or
- rules-based systems.
- A fuzzy systems is constructed from a collection
of fuzzy IF-THEN rules.
36A fuzzy IF-THEN rule is statement in which some
words are characterized by membership function
(MF).
37Two kinds of justification for fuzzy system
theory
- We need a theory to formulate human knowledge in
a systematic manner and put it into engineering
systems.
- The real world is too complicated for precise
descriptions to be obtained.
38Example 1. 2
- Problem
- We want to design a controller to automatically
control the speed of a car.
39Two approaches to designing such a controller
- use conventional control theory,
- for example, designing a PID controller.
- to emulate human drivers, that is, converting the
rules used by human drivers into an automatic
controller.
40Knowledge-based or rules-based.
- IF speed is low, THEN apply more force to the
accelerator, - IF speed is medium, THEN apply normal force to
the accelerator, - IF speed is high, THEN apply less force to the
accelerator. - Where the words low, medium, high and more,
normal, less - are characterized by membership functions (MF).
41(No Transcript)
42Where Are Fuzzy Systems Used ?
- Fuzzy washing machine
- Digital image stabilizer
- Fuzzy systems in cars
- Fuzzy control of a cement kiln
- Fuzzy control of subway train
43Cannon Camera
- Screen is divided into 6 parts
- 2 Inputs per part
- 13 Rules
- 1.1 Kbytes of Memory
- Rules are used to bring the picture into focus
using less memory that traditional methods.
4
44Digital image stabilizer.
- IF all the points in the picture are moving in
the same direction, THEN the hand is shaking. - IF only some points in the picture are moving,
THEN the hand is not shaking.
45Matsushita Vacuum
- Dust sensors are used to adjust air-flow
- System is closed-loop
- Fuzzy rules are applied to reduce power
consumption - Example of rule
- If there is little dust,
- then reduce power.
3
46Mitsubishi Heating/Cooling
- 25 Heating Rules
- 25 Cooling Rules
- Heats/Cools 5x faster
- Reduces power consumption by 24
5
47 Maytag Dishwasher
- Measures soil in water, adjusts wash accordingly
- Adjusts for dried-on foods
- Determines optimum wash cycle
6
48Sony Palmtop
- Used directly for character recognition
- Each person writes letters slightly differently
- Fuzzy rules account for these differences
8
49 Professor Lotfi Zadeh and Professor Marian S.
Stachowicz Vienna, Austria, 28
November 2005
50Acknowledgments
- Jonathan Andersh
- Lance Beall
- Cheng Tong
- Chaohui Yang
- Dan Yao
51Purpose of research
Color and Computer
To explore the ways how color can be used in
computer.
52Color and Computer Images
- Three main color schemes used with computers
- - CMYK cyan, magenta, yellow, black
- used by printers
- - HSB hue, saturation, brightness
- similar to human vision
- - RGB red, green, blue
- most common system
- computer images are generally stored in this
format - used in this research
53Color and Computer Images
- The Basic Image Element Pixel
- Pixels are described by two features
- Location in the x-y plane
- Color - in the from R, G, B,
- where R, G, B 0 to 255
54Spatial and Intensity Resolutions
- An image with M pixels can be represented by a
spatial-chromatic hybrid vector - Xi (xi, yi, Ri, Gi, Bi )T (i 1, 2,
, M) - where
- xi, yi are the spatial
coordinates - Ri, Gi, Bi are the color components.
55The spatial resolution
- The spatial resolution describes how many pixels
are possible within a certain distance such as
150 dots per inch (DPI).
5624-bit color
- Almost always, each of the R G B numbers is a
single byte, so the red, green, and blue
components can take on integer values from 0 to
255. - 255, 255, 255 would represents white,
- 0, 0, 0 would represent black,
- 255, 0, 0 would represent red, and so on.
57COLOR MINING
- 256 x 256 x 256 16 777 216 colors per one pixel
58Color Recognition Method
- - Using only color information
- - Two main steps
Feature Extraction
59COLOR CUBE
60T(COLOR)RED, GREEN, BLUE, CYAN, MAGENTA,
YELLOW, WHITE, BLACK
61National Flags Identification
A system which can identify national flags by
comparing an input flag to a known database.
62The intensity resolution
- The intensity resolution describes how many
different intensities or colors are possible for
a particular pixel.
63Stamps Identification
64Grab.exe
I-35 near 4th Ave. West, Duluth, MN
65Heart Murmur Classification
normal
pathology
66Acknowledgments
- Sonny Zhan
- David Lemke
- Lucas May
- David Olsen
- Nicholas Andrisevic
- Adilbek Karaguishiyev
- Glenn Nordehn, M.D.
67Strange Attractors
68CATHERINE MARIE CHARLTON
69HOMEWORK.
- 1. Find five WEB sites that contain valuable
information about soft computing and biometrics.
Provide the URL for each of the sites. Provide a
brief description of what information is
available on each site. - 2. Two page limit !!!
- 3. On the top of the first page, provide name and
e-mail address. - 4. Typed (Word Processor) is much preferred over
a hand written submission. - 5. Due in class on Tuesday, November 25, 2008
- 6. As an added suggestion, the Fuzzy Logic
Package by Prof. M. S. Stachowicz and Lance Beall
can be found in the WOLFRAM Research folder with
some good tutorial information -http//www.wolfram
.com/applications/fuzzylogic
70References
- 1 L.A. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets, Information and
Control, - vol.8, pp. 338-353, 1965.
- 2 George S. Klir and Bo Yuan, Fuzzy Sets,
Uncertainty, and Information. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995. - 3 M.S. Stachowicz and Lance E. Beall, Fuzzy
Logic Package for use with Mathematica, Wolfram
Research, Inc. Champaign, IL 61820, 2003 - http//www.wolfram.com/fuzzylogic
- 4 C.M. Charlton, Strange Attractor, CD Album
of Piano Improvisations, Orange Moon Production,
Inc. 19672 Stevens Creek Blvd., 178, Cupertino, - CA 95014, http//www.catherinemariecharlton.com/
71Dr. Marian S. StachowiczProfessor and Jack Rowe
Chair
OFFICE MWAH 273 OFFICE HOURS Tu, Th 1315
1415, Th 1700 1800
72Laboratory for Intelligent Systems
73LIS advice you
- Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill offers in
all engineering topics, including calculus, books
with several hundreds examples with solutions
step by step. - These books cost around 20 US .
74ENJOY UMD AND GOOD LUCK!
75THANK YOU.