THE EFFECT OF TRAINING MODALITY ON APOA1, APOB, AND THE

1
THE EFFECT OF TRAINING MODALITY ON APO-A1, APO-B,
AND THE APO-B/APO A-1 RATIO IN MEN
Abstract
General Protocol
Habitual exercise has been linked to beneficial
changes in blood lipids including
apolipoproteins however, the mode of exercise
has not been completely explored. PURPOSE To
determine if 12 weeks of endurance (ET),
resistance (RT), or combined (CT ETRT)
training differentially affects apo-A1, apo-B,
and the ratio of apo-B to apo-A1 (RBA1) in
previously untrained males. METHODS Thirty
healthy, normal-cholesterolemic, college-aged men
were randomly assigned to one of three exercise
groups (i.e., ET, RT, or CT). The average group
characteristics (pre-test) were as follows CT
n 11,Age21.5 2.5 yr, Weight214 36 lb,
fat20.6 9.9,VO2PEAK4.0 0.5 Lmin-1, ET
n 10, Age24 4 yr, Weight188 37 lb,
fat18.8 8.4, VO2PEAK 3.5 0.7 Lmin-1,
RT n 9, Age22.4 2.7 yr, Weight162 26
lb, fat14.7 3.2, VO2PEAK3.2 0.4
Lmin-1. Body composition measurements were done
hydrostatically and VO2PEAK was determined by
indirect, open-circuit calorimetry during the
Bruce treadmill protocol. All blood samples were
obtained 72 hours post-exercise and after a 12
hour fast. A solid phase capture sandwich ELISA
was used to analyze all blood samples for
apolipoproteins. A Group Time repeated measure
ANOVA was used to analyze the data for apo-A1,
apo-B, and RBA1. The comparisonwise error rate
was set at 0.05. RESULTS ANOVA showed no
differential effects of training mode on apo-A1,
apo-B, and RBA1 after 12 weeks of exercise
however, regardless of training mode there was a
significant decrease in apo-A1 values from 120.9
4.5 mg/dL to 112.4 4.0 mg/dL after 12 weeks
of exercise (p lt 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results
show that training modality does not
differentially affect apo-A1, apo-B, or the RBA1
values after 12 weeks of training for young,
healthy men. Apo-A1 values fell significantly
after 12 weeks of exercise training for CT, ET,
and RT.
WEEKS 1-14
Subject Recruitment WEEK 1

• Subject Training
• PHASE 1 (WEEKS 1 6)
• WEEK 7 (Re-evaluation)
• PHASE 2 (WEEKS 8 - 13)

WEEK 14
7 Day Dietary Recall

• Blood Draws
• 12 hour fast
• 48 hours post-exercise

• Blood Draws
• 12 hour fast

• ET Training 20min at 65 HRR (WK 1-2)
• 5min 2 wk-1 (40 min
  max)
• 5 HRR 2 wk-1 (80
  HRR max)
• 2-3 days wk-1
  (Alternate Weeks)
• RT Training 1 warm-up set (50 _at_ 1RM)
• 3 10 reps _at_ 75 1RM (WK
  1-2 8-9)
• 3 8 reps _at_ 80 1RM (WK
  3-4 10-11)
• 3 6 reps _at_ 85 1RM (WK
  5-6 12-13)
• CT Training 5 days wk-1
• Odd Weeks (RT 3 times
  ET 2 times)
• Even Weeks (RT 2 times
  ET 3 times)

• Physiologic Testing
• Body Weight
• Body Fat
• VO2PEAK
• Strength (1 RM)
• Power (Vertical Jump)

• Physiologic Testing
• Body Weight
• Body Fat
• VO2PEAK
• Strength (1 RM)
• Bench Press
• Leg Press
• Isokinetic Peak Torque
• Leg Extension (60º 180ºsec-1)
• Power (Vertical Jump)

G.S. Miller, S. E. Martin, S. P. Glowacki, H.
Blank, J. W. Womack, J. S. Green, S. F.
Crouse, FACSM, Texas AM University,
Department of Health and Kinesiology, College
Station, TX

• Group Characteristics
• 30 healthy untrained men
• Subjects randomly assigned to 1 of 3 exercise
  groups (CT, ET, or RT)
• Subjects performed 1 acute exercise practice
  session in their respective exercise mode

7 Day Dietary Recall
Background

• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause
  of death in the U.S. (AHA, 2002)
• Apolipoproteins serve as Coronary Artery Disease
  (CAD) risk factors.
• (Leddy J et al., 1997)
• Post-exercise apo-A1 values have been observed to
  either increase
• (Thompson PD et al., 1997) or remain
  unchanged (Crouse SF et al., 1997).
• Apo-B changes either decrease ( Crouse SF et al.,
  1997) or remain unchanged
• (Wood PD et al., 1983) however, apo-B
  changes usually parallel LDL-C changes.
• Lipid and lipoprotein changes following
  resistance exercise training are usually not
• found and the reason remains unclear.
  (Durstine JL et al., 2002)
• Decreases in apo-B values after a resistance
  training program are linked to decreases in
  percent body fat and total body mass. (Ulrich IH
  et al., 1987)
• Physical activity has been associated with a
  decreased risk of CHD and an
• improved lipid profile. (Chen, et al, 2004
  Hokanson, et al, 2003)
• The specific manner of how exercise (endurance,
  resistance, or a combination

Methods
Resistance Exercise Session
Endurance Exercise Session

• Volunteers were screened by physician examination
  to exclude those who were physically trained,
  exhibited known contraindications to exercise,
  and who were taking any drugs that may alter
  lipid metabolism.
• All subjects reported to the Applied Exercise
  Science Laboratory for pre-testing measurements
  (body weight, body fat, resting heart rate/blood
  pressure, and VO2PEAK) at least one week prior to
  the acute exercise session.
• VO2PEAK was measured during a maximal graded
  exercise test on a motorized treadmill using an
  automated metabolic system calibrated with gases
  of known concentration.
• Subjects were tested for strength in the
  following 7 isotonic exercises leg press, leg
  curl, standing calf raise, barbell bench press,
  lat pull-down, dumbbell military press, and
  barbell curl. This occurred during weeks 1, 7,
  and 13.
• Serum samples were analyzed for apo-A1 and apo-B
  before and after 12 weeks of training.
• Blood draws during weeks 1 and 12 were taken 72
  hours post exercise after a 12 hour fast.

?-10.6
Hypothesis Purpose
Statistical Design

• Our purpose was to determine if 12 weeks of
  endurance (ET), resistance (RT), or combined (CT
  ET RT) training differentially affects
  apo-A1, apo-B, and the ratio of apo-B to apo-A1
  (RBA1) in previously untrained males.
• We hypothesized that there would be no
  interaction between the chronic effects of CT,
  ET, and RT (hypothesis stated in Null form).
  Simply put, we hypothesized that all exercise
  modalities would produce similar chronic
  responses with respect to changes in the
  dependent variables measured.

• A GROUP TIME repeated measure ANOVA was used to
  analyze the data for apo-A1, apo-B, and RBA1.
  The comparisonwise error rate was set at 0.05.

FIGURE 2. EFFECT OF 12
WEEKS ENDURANCE TRAINING ON APO-A1 AND APO-B
VALUES
FIGURE 1. EFFECT OF 12
WEEKS COMBINED TRAINING ON APO-A1 AND APO-B
VALUES
FIGURE 3. EFFECT OF 12
WEEKS RESISTANCE TRAINING ON APO-A1 AND APO-B
VALUES
FIGURE 4. EFFECT OF
12 WEEKS EXERCISE TRAINING FOR ALL TRAINING
GROUPS COMBINED ON APO-A1 AND
APO-B VALUES
Results
133 28
121 28
121 25
118 10

• At baseline there were significant differences (p
  lt 0.05) between body weight
• (RT lt CT), BF (CT lt RT), VO2PEAK (RT lt CT)
  between CT, ET, and RT
• groups.
• There was no differential effect between training
  modes on apo-A1, apo-B, and
• RBA1 after 12 weeks of exercise however,
  regardless of training mode
• (n 30) there was a significant decrease in
  apo-A1 values from 120.9 4.5 mg/dL
• to 112.4 mg/dL after 12 weeks of exercise
  (P lt 0.05). (Refer to Figure 4)

122 26
112 22
Subjects (N 30)
111 27
112 32
111 9
106 26
100 44
100 31
97 34
92 31
86 20
85 23
Conclusions
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.
MEANS SD. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES DENOTED
BY AN ASTERISK.
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.

• Our results show that training modality does
  not differentially affect apo-A1,
• apo-B, or RBA1 values after 12 weeks of
  training by young, healthy men.
• Apo-A1 values decreased significantly after 12
  weeks of exercise training for CT,
• ET, and RT. (Refer to Figures 1 - 4)
• Additional research is necessary in order to
  expand the knowledge base regarding
• the effects of different exercise modes on
  chronic lipoprotein-lipid changes.

Values are means SD. Variable means located in
the same row with different letters are
significantly different (P lt 0.05).
FIGURE 8. EFFECT
OF 12 WEEKS EXERCISE TRAINING FOR ALL TRAINING
GROUPS COMBINED ON APO-B TO APO-A1
RATIO
FIGURE 5.
EFFECT OF 12 WEEKS COMBINED TRAINING
ON APO-B TO APO-A1 RATIO
FIGURE 6. EFFECT
OF 12 WEEKS ENDURANCE TRAINING ON
APO-B TO APO-A1 RATIO
FIGURE 7. EFFECT
OF 12 WEEKS RESISTANCE TRAINING
ON APO-B TO APO-A1 RATIO
0.82 0.3
0.79 0.24
0.72 0.3
0.73 0.14
1.17 0.4
1.12 0.5
0.9 0.37
0.87 0.35
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.
VALUES LISTED AS MEANS SD.