Male Female

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Male Female Cultural Differences Love
and Hate

• PSY 230 Theories of Personality

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Studies do not support gender differences in
personality

• Anatomy is destiny Freud
• There are similar personality traits for women
  and men and they do not really differ that much
  personality wise

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Real Measurable Differences

• Female
• Verbal Abilities
• Start talking earlier
• Larger Vocabularies
• Better in reading
• Better at Nonverbal communication
• More sensitive to nonverbal cues
• More nonverbally expressive
• Concerned Involved in child rearing

• Male
• Spatial Abilities
• Better at tasks measures of spatial abilities
• Mathematics
• Verbal Physically Aggressive
• Take charge in small groups

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Functionalism - Darwin

• Behavior and thought evolve as a result of their
  functionality for survival
• Maternal Instinct an inborn emotional tendency
  towards nurturance that was triggered by contact
  with a helpless infant.
• Womens energy expended in pregnancy, childbirth,
  and lactation
• Justification for Male dominance and Female
  submissiveness

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Genetic Sex

• Determined at moment of conception when female
  egg with X chromosome joins male sperm with its X
  or Y chromosome
• Boy XY-Androgen-sexual genitalia-brain
• Girl XX-absence of androgen-ovaries
• In fetus on Hormones influence sex differences

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Turners Syndrome

• Child born with single X chromosome XO
• Have external female genitalia but no ovaries
• Remain fertile and sterile since not exposed to
  androgen due to lack of Y
• Excessive timid and feminine behavior
• Weaker mathematical and spatial skills

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Androgenized Females

• Genetically female embryo exposed to excess
  androgen
• Either masculine or ambiguous genitalia
• Tomboy behavior
• Need sex hormone treatment to develop secondary
  sexual characteristics

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Psychoanalytic Approach to Gender Differences

• Biological theory assumes differences in
  aggression, jealousy, passivity, rationality,
  dependency
• Males
• Castration anxiety-penispleasure threats
  remasturbation - girls dont have it so
• Oedipus Crisis-incorporate maleness
• Females
• Penis Envy , inferiority, jealousy
• Replace desire for penis with want for child

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Neo-Analytic Approach

• Erikson
• Males-active, exploring, warring, pragmatic due
  to external genitalia
• Females-nurturance, gentleness peacefulness -
  due to internal genitalia
• Horney-reverse envy of males for child bearing
• Jung-Asian Ying and yang-both in all people
• Animus-male archetype, analytical, logical
• Anima-female archetype, relationship part
• Androgyny consolidation of male and female
  characteristics as most healthy adaptive

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Biological Approach

• Hormone influence the sexual characteristics
• Maternal instinct does have large learned or
  environmental component
• Evolution used incorrectly to explain why men
  more sexually active than females

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Behaviorist Social Learning Approach

• Gender type personality characteristics are
  learned through reinforcement, modeling,
  conditioning, generalization, vicarious learning
  other learning
• Parent primary source of modeling, socializers
  for sex-typed traits.
• Peers, teachers, mass media reinforce
  gender-typed behavior
• Most influential model for child has most
  similarities to child e.g. same sex

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Cognitive Approach-Gender Schema Theory

• Our culture and gender-role socialization provide
  us with gender schemas
• Schemas organized mental structures that
  delineate understanding of abilities of,
  appropriate behaviors of, appropriate situations
  for men women, boys girls
• Cognitive filters-process gender-relevant
  information
• Assumptions about masculinity femininity
  influence perceptions interactions

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Trait Approach to Gender Differences

• Culturally prescribed social roles sometimes
  identify different characteristics as masculine
  or feminine in different cultures
• Masculinity and femininity are not a bipolar
  trait but two separate traits which can co-exist
  in each one of us
• Study Aggression, Emotionality, Achievement
  Motivation

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Bem Sex Role Inventory

• Feminine high in endorse feminine
  characteristics
• Masculine high in endorse masculine
  characteristics
• Androgynous high in both M F
• Undifferentiated low in both M F

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Humanistic Approach

• Maslow minimized gender traits highlighting
  self-actualization
• Assumes psychological equality of men and women
• Differences betweens sexes become smaller as
  societies give equal rights and opportunities to
  women

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Interactionist Approach

• Gender-relevant activities are heavily tied to
  demands of social situations
• Helping-research males higher, not so?
• Nurturance, giving-female but cross culture?
• Sociability-no difference
• Nonverbal Behavior-Female higher
• Influenceability-slight female more
• Insturmentality vs expressiveness

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Instrumentality vs Expressiveness

• Instrumental behavior being oriented to
  objective that are task focused and separate from
  interpersonal system
• Expressive behavior involves emotional
  well-being of ones social and family group

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Social Roles Alice Eagly 1987

• Social behaviors that differ between the sexes
  are embedded in social role
• Social roles gender roles as well and many other
  roles pertaining to work and family
• Different roles that men women find themselves
  in, specify behavior

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Gender Roles-social roles based on gender

• Beliefs attitudes about abilities, activities,
  and aspirations of members of each gender
  role-which affects performance
• Elicits behaviors that are specified by gender
  role in wide range of circumstances making them
  look like stable, internal gender characteristics

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Same gender in-group comparisons

• Brenda Major 1994 found
• People tend to compare themselves to same sex
  people in group and are at ease if their roles
  are the same in the group
• This can results in cross gender inequities of
  status and pay - more likely ignored

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Cross Cultural Gender Differences

• Margaret Mead 1935
• Argued that gender differences vary among
  cultures produced by the culture through
  socialization
• New Guinea
• Arapesh-M F feminine nurturing
• Mundugamor-M F masculine aggressive

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Cultural Ethnic Differences in Personality
Perspective
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Culture

• Is one key determinant of what it means to be a
  person beside the biological and social
  influences
• Cultural effects shared behaviors and customs
  people learn from institutions of their society
• Ethnic group cultural traditions
• Social class economic educational status

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Ethnocentrism

• Evaluation others from ones point of view
• Tendency to degrade or dismiss the different
  practices in other cultures
• Viewing habits of other cultures as strange and
  even abhorrent using terminology e.g. heathen,
  uncivilized, perverse, barbaric etc.

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Margaret Mead, 1929, 1939

• Observed children and adolescents in Samoa in the
  South Pacific
• Focus on childrearing
• Adolescence was a smooth transition to adulthood
  based on effect of society on the individual how
  the society approaches adolescence

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Beatrice Whiting John Whiting, 1975

• Studied Mexican Filipino children
• Found them helping care for their younger
  siblings and cooperating in doing family chores
  Grow up to be prosocial helping others
• Contrast to competitive American youth
• Hispanic kids might do less well in competitive
  school situations than would American kids

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Ralph Linton, 1945

• The Cultural Background of Personality
• A person comes to situations armed with much
  knowledge derived from culture, e.g. boy from
  hunting tribe finds self alone in woods after
  dark will know how to build shelter survive the
  night, even if he has never been alone or done
  this before
• People are shaped by their cultures and
  subcultures are the same as those in the same
  cultures and subcultures

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Bradd Shore, 1996

• In studying Samoans
• Only after he became familiar with the shared
  culture of the community could he recognize the
  differences in personalities within the people in
  the community and see each person as a unique
  individual with difference from other members of
  the same culture

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Kurt Lewin, 1930

• Study of different style of leadership
  effectiveness
• Democratic vs autocratic(fascist)
• Morale higher in Democratic
• Task performance was not as high in Democratic
  and higher in autocratic

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emic Approach vs etic Approach

• emic approach culture specific-focuses on a
  single culture, understood on its own
  terms-linguisticspecific language sounds
• etic approach cross cultural approach, searches
  for generalities across cultures- linguistic
  universal ways of describing speech sounds
• Various culture specific variables must be
  considered

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Jungs Archetypes

• Found in mythology, religion, ancient rituals,
  dreams
• Collective unconscious depository of memories of
  human evolution-guiding thoughts motivations
  shared over time
• Archetypes universal structures of the
  collective unconscious-universal concepts at same
  time with cultural variations

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Individualistic vsCollectivist Cultures

• Autonomous individual vs centrality of the
  collective
• Individualistic themes Western cultures
• Collectivist themes Eastern cultures
• Americans like lone cowboy
• Asians may like group leader, winning team
• Personal responsibility is not likely to develop
  if a focus on collective identity interferes with
  the initial development of personal identity and
  responsibility

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American Dilemma Gunnal Myrdal 1944

• The American constitution stated All Men are
  created equal at same time allowed for slavery
  worth 3/5 of a man

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Racial stereotypingKatz Braly, 1933

• In racial stereotype test
• Americans industrious, intelligent, progressive
• Negroes superstitious, lazy, happy-go-lucky,
  musical
• Simplistic categorization by race ignores
  promising concepts as temperamental differences
  among individual cultural influences on
  behavior and development

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SES Gradients

• Socioeconomic Status measure of peoples levels
  of education income
• SES Gradient higher a persons SES the lower the
  risk of getting sick or dying prematurely
• Social Class can have sweeping effects on
  individuals

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Karl Marx 1818-1883

• German social philosopher wrote on effects of the
  economic system on individual behavior
• Marx belief many societal institutions served
  mainly to maintain the economic power of the
  elite
• Saw strong socioeconomic influence on what it
  means to be a person
• Influence on thinking of Fromm capitalist
  society must create a culture of consumption

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Language Identity

• Speaking listening are a pervasive mode of
  interpersonal interaction in all human societies
  a central part of who we are
• Language is one of the defining features of a
  persons identity-you are what you speak-keeps
  out those who cant speak it and reinforces ties
  among those that do

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Idiolect Dialect

• Idiolect each individual speaks a unique version
  of the native language which is a form of
  self-expression and part of personality
  (Johnstone Bean 97)
• Dialect variations between groups of people who
  share regional or cultural characteristics-importa
  nt aspect of group identity. Used to assert
  speakers membership in the dialect group
  prevents outsiders from understanding the
  communication among members

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Example of Shared Language Culture

• Deaf community being deaf interferes with them
  being able to fully communicate with the larger
  society
• They share their(sign) language inside their
  group but not outside it become a linguistic
  social community
• Hearing family members are often not members of
  this deaf culture

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English Only Movement

• Limiting all governmental communication to
  English
• Based on US citizens to full participants
  contributors to society forced to become
  proficient in language of majority
• English embodies the essence of public life in
  the USA.
• Opponents say racist, exclusivist, bigoted,
  undermines cultures-take away rights of
  non-English speaking minority

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Linguistic Relativity-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

• Our interpretation of the world is to a large
  extent dependent on the linguistic system by
  which we classify it.
• Our language influences not only how we say
  things, but even how we think about understand
  perceive the world

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Pronouns and Status

• Each language community enforces norms of
  politeness that are reflective of its view on
  proper conversational interaction
• You familiar used with intimates subordinates
  You polite used with whom respect is due
• tu vs usted Spanish,
• tu vs vous French
• du vs sie German

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Gender Language

• Many languages have different pronouns for each
  sex for first, second and third person pronouns
• Gender neutral language need to eliminate use of
  male pronoun as default rather use gender free
  term
• Language usage influences how we think and behave

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Culture and Personality Testing

• Culture-Free Tests not dependent on culture
• Culture-Fair Tests control for or rule out
  effects that result from culture rather than
  individual differences
• System of Multicultural Pluralistic Assessment
  (SOMA) assumes test results cannot be divorced
  from the culture-comparison within cultural group
  rather than between groups (Jane Mercer,1979)

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Stereotype ThreatClaude Steele, 1997

• Threat that others judgments or their own
  actions will negatively stereotype them
• Testing situation filled with with social
  expectations
• If people believe that the test is not gender or
  race relevant their performance improves-
• Individuals identity depends on how they
  construe the challenge and affects behavior in
  predictable ways

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Incorporating Culture Personality

• Personality predictable behavior are
  meaningless outside of a framework or cultural
  context in which they are to be understood.
• Erikson 1950 studied the Sioux-students did not
  act like white students and were seen as
  flawed-did not cooperate or do well in the
  classroom

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Allport, 1954

• Bring culture in as a key consideration of
  personality
• Culture is part of what it means to be a
  person-no people without cultures
• Prejudice more likely during social change,
  economic rivalries exist, government sanctions
  scapegoats, traditions support hostility, society
  has unfavorable attitudes towards assimilation
  and pluralism (after WW1, Great Depression,
  1930s, prior Vietnam War era)

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Impact of Culture on Us

• Impact on roles we are to assume behaviors
• Helps us set goals by way socialized
• Impact on cognitive sets
• Impact on way one leads ones life
• Impact on healthy way of living e.g. 7th Day
  Adventists

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Impact of the Group on Individual

• In Japan success of society is seen as utmost
  importance
• Selflessness self-sacrifice of ones life is
  admired Japan culture but scorned in US
• American hero people who rebel against
  overcome social expectations-Susan B Anthony,
  MLK, Jobs from Apple

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Love and Hate
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Ethnological Theories of Hate

• Aggression product of adaptive evolutionary
  process (Lorenz, 1967 Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1972
  1979)-fatalistic view, hatred is inevitable
  natural
• Hatred is innate since aggression was adaptive in
  the evolution of our species
• Natural hatred can be distorted expressed
  inappropriately if restrained or
  frustrated-serial killers have strict parents

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Brain Disorders Hatred

• Alcohol Drug Induced Brain Disorders can result
  in aggression-murder, rage
• Lesion on or near hypothalamus amygdala
  (temporal lobe)-intense rage-sudden
  uncontrollable
• Low density of dopamine receptors in basal
  ganglia-more aloof, detached

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Freuds Theory of Thanatos

• That all people have a death instinct
• Drive toward death self-destructive behaviors
• Projection of aggression-hatred paranoia
  towards others
• Use of defense mechanism to redirect thanatos
  drive towards out-group of people

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

• psychopaths
• Violate rules and norms of society
• Have no or little conscience
• Lie to and con others
• Violate rules as youngsters pull wings off
  insects, carry knife to bully others, destroy
  property, fire setters, kill or torture small
  domestic animals

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301.7Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Disregard for violation of the rights of others
  since age 15, as indicated by 3 or more
• Failure to conform to social norms or lawful
  behavior repeated acts-grounds for arrests
• Deceitfulness, repeated lying, use of aliases or
  conning others for profit/pleasure
• Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
• Irritability aggressiveness, repeated physical
  fights or assaults
• Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
• Consistent irresponsibility, repeated failure on
  job or to meet financial responsibility
• Lack of remorse, indifferent, rationalize
  hurting, mistreating or stealing from others

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Jungs Ruling Type

• Shadow Archetype Primitive, animal instincts
  reside
• Inappropriate or uncontrolled expression ones
  shadow-results primal hatred aggression
• Power complex could increasingly influence
  perceptions actions until it is in control
• Shadow Power Complex thinking-extroverted
  (rigid, obstinate) typeRuling Type

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Adler Horneys Belief about Hatred

• Hostile hateful personalities developed during
  childhood
• Adler focus on early coping rejectionworld
  inhospitable hostile
• Horney children who experience extended time
  when do not feel safe-shamed, embarrass,
  punish-repressed anxiety-self-protective
  measures-achieve power control over
  others-neurotic trends to be aggressive
  personality-move against people

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Eriksons view of Aggression

• Emerges during social interactions in early
  childhood
• 3 unsuccessfully resolved psychosocial stages
  result in angry, hostile, hateful
• Lack of trust as infant
• Treated in hostile manner as seeking autonomy
• Punished initiative thwarted rather than
  realistically channeled

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Fromms Authoritarian Personality Type

• Existential Arises empty societys loneliness
  alienation
• Biological Cruel penchant for exerting power,
  abusing and taking others possessions- Actually
  want to cause the suffering of others
• Social Interaction Generated by negative
  relationship with parents-poor channeling of
  drives

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Rogers View of Hatred

• Negative emotions stem from lack of positive
  regard-parents especially
• Lack of unconditional love and acceptance-especial
  ly from mothers
• Grow up anxious, afraid to realize full
  potential-threatened by life experiences
• Discrepancy between perception of self and life
  experience-distortion of realityhatred and
  aggressiveness

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Maslows View of Hatred

• Fears and doubts about self are root of
  immaturity and hate
• Comes from unmet safety needs
• Evil and Hatred not basic part of peoples
  personality-from deficient environment
• Child abuse, poverty, divorce discrimination
• Need structure regulation along with love and
  feelings of safety to grow and change

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Hatred as a Trait

• Cardinal Trait (Allport) personality
  characteristics highly influential in persons
  personality and daily actions
• Hatred aggression cardinal traits
• Cattell-factor analysis of aggression
• Eysenck-aggression related to psychoticism
• Feshbach(1971) empathy inhibits aggressive
  feelings and behaviors

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Kellys Cognitive Simplicity

• People do not make many distinctions about other
  people -likely perceive other people as similar
  to one another
• Authoritarian people might dismiss whole groups
  of people as enemies
• Hostility-results when concept of other is not
  supported by evidence-try to fit or constrain
  others to fit their concept rather than change
  their interpretation of reality-distortions of
  meaning of social interactions

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Hate as Learned Behavior

• Aggression is acquired through the same
  mechanisms as all behavior
• Hateful emotions are conditioned responses
• Hateful behaviors is modeled, observed, imitated
  vicariously reinforced

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Love Explained by Evolutionary Psychology

• Love through the millennia developed because of
  its adaptive consequences
• Attraction to members of opposite sex necessary
  for reproduction
• Insure genetic transfer characteristics
• Ensure survival after birth
• Ensures that helpless child survives to
  reproductive age

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David Buss, Evolutionary Psychologist Attraction

• Cross cultural characteristics sought due to
  reproductive roles
• Men attracted to suitability to conceive carry
  healthy offspring-young,fit, healthy
• Females attracted to potential fertility
  genetic health based on attractiveness skills
  to be successful to acquired resources-earning
  potential- to support women in pregnancy

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Romantic Attachment Styles-Phillip Shraver

• Attachment learned during childhood accounts for
  differences in quality of adult relationships
• Secure lovereasily forms and invites warm close
  relationships
• Avoidant loveruncomfortable, trouble trusting
• Anxious-ambivalent lover wants closeness,
  insecure, pushes others away

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Maslows Being Love vs Deficiency Love

• B-Love unselfish cares for the needs of the
  others-more self-actualized and help partners to
  actualization
• D-Love selfish needy, immature

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Erich Fromms Types of Love

• Love humanizes people-overcome feelings of
  loneliness-positive result of people joining with
  people
• Immature love taking of love overwhelms the
  giving of love
• Motherly love one-side, unequal-unconditional
  love, asking nothing-gives stability security
• Brotherly love loving all others-mankind,
  reunites isolates self with others
• Erotic Love short lived intimacy, satisfy sexual
  need, alleviates anxiety, control or be
  controlled
• Mature love incorporates brotherly love and
  self-love, each partner cares for the other,
  sense of responsibility towards one another,
  knowledge of one another, self-respect

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Rollo Mays Types of Love

• Humans are depersonalized by modern culture
  technology
• Violence dehumanization results
• Types of Love
• Sex lust, tension release
• Eros procreative love-savoring, experiential
• Philia brotherly love, liking
• Agape devotion to welfare of others, unselfish
  love
• Authentic love incorporates other other types of
  love

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Cultural Difference in Love

• Match Making made on basis of
• Respect
• Maturity
• Potential for deep integrative love
• Physical compatibility
• Practical concepts about love

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Concepts of Loneliness

• Difficultly finding love and forgo meaningful
  relationships
• Difficulty forming relationships, trusting
  others, getting close
• Difficulty talking about themselves, disclosing
  feelings, forming social relationships,
  uncomfortable socially
• Low in extroversion, agreeableness, emotional
  stability
• Negative explanatory style, see things out of
  their control, view others negatively

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Attraction to Sexual Aggression Scale Malamuth1989

• Identify men who are apt to engage in sexual
  violence towards women
• Believe in rape myths-women enjoy rape, women
  strong need for being dominated
• Positive attitudes sexual aggression
• Lack understanding of humanness
• Lack empathic abilities