US History since 1865

1
US History since 1865

• From isolationism to the global war

2
The Prelude to the War

• a. Between WW and FDR lay two decades of
  isolation from foreign connections high tariff
  walls, the Red Scare, the rage for 100 percent
  Americanism and the tight immigration laws b.
  But US could not break away from the world c. By
  1922, the Allies owed 11.5 billion to the US
  principal plus interest over 65 years, it
  amounted to 22 billion no moratorium US now
  viewed as Uncle Sherlock d. The Allies had to
  collect reparations from Germany

3
Disarmament Washington Conference (1921)

• Harding invited eight principal nations to confer
  on arms reduction and Far East Asian Affairs
• The Five Power Agreement US, Britain, Japan,
  France and Italy agreed to have a naval holiday
  of ten years and not to fortify their Pacific
  possessions
• The Four Power Agreement US, Britain, Japan and
  France agreed to respect each other's possessions
  in the Pacific and to refer to any disputes
  through consultation
• The Nine Power Agreement All the participating
  nations agreed to support the open-door policy
  and China's territorial integrity
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) solemnly declared
  that the signatories "condemn recourse to war and
  renounce it as an instrument of national policy."
  62 nations signed up.

4
Japan Invaded China

• a. the Manchurian Incident on September 18, 1931
  Japan overran Northeastern China and turned it
  into a puppet state called "Manchukuo."
• b. China asked League of Nations to intervene
  when the report condemning Japan was released in
  February 1933 Japan walked out of the League
• c. China asked US to intervene Hoover was
  reluctant to invoke any economic or military
  sanctions Henry Stimson declared in January 1932
  that US refused to recognize any treaty,
  agreement, or situation that violated American
  treaty rights, the Open-Door, or the territorial
  integrity of China

5
Italy and Germany

• a. Mussolini seize power in Italy in 1922 b.
  organized the fascist movement which was a
  mixture of nationalism and socialism c. turned
  italy into a one Party state by 1925 d. Hitler
  failed to seize power in a coup in 1923 e.
  depression and the impotent Weimar Republic
  offered Hitler a new opening he was made
  chancellor in January 1933 and won ultimate power
  on March 24, 1933

6
The Expanding Axis

• a. 1934, Japan renounced the Five Power Naval
  Treaty b. 1935, Mussolini commenced an Italian
  conquest of Ethiopia c. 1936, Hitler reoccupied
  the Rhineland with armed forces d. 1936, the
  Spanish Civil War broke out e. 1937, Japan
  launched an all-out war against China following
  the Marco Polo Bridge Incident f. 1938, Hitler
  forced the union with Austria and took the
  Sudenten territory from Czechoslovakia after
  signing an agreement with Britain and France
  (appeasement) g. 1939, Hitler marched German
  troops to Czechoslovakia signed an
  Non-Aggression pact with the Soviet Union and
  invaded Poland in September

7
The Mood in America (I)

• he democratic America had the duty to lead the
  world into a new age
• national need before sectional or personal
  advantage
• government supervision of all interstate commerce
  
• cooperation between labor and capital
• help any one who sta. FDR initially an
  isolationist New Deal at home but no deal with
  European nations b. opposed to US joining the
  League of Nations c. no repudiation of debts d.
  Congressional investigation of Us entrance into
  WWI--Uncle Sam duped by merchants of death umbles
  
• protection of women and children

8
The Mood in America (II)

• A series of Neutrality Acts passed by Congress
  from 1935 through 1937
• forbade the sale of arms and munitions to all
  belligerents
• Americans traveled on belligerent ships did so on
  their own risk
• embargo of strategic materials and all strategic
  goods
• no floating of foreign loans
• Congress even proposed a Ludlow Amendment,
  requiring a referendum for a declaration of war
  except in case of attack on American territory
• public mood A Gallup poll found 94 percent of
  its respondents preferred efforts to keep out of
  war over efforts to prevent war

9
FDR Moved the Nation Out of the Cocoon of
Isolation

• a. When Japan attacked China, FDR did not invoke
  the neutrality act because it was in favor of
  Japan but US continued to supply Japan with
  strategic materials such as scrap iron, crude
  oil, aircraft, etc. b. In October 1937, he made
  a speech asking to impose a quarantine against
  nations creating a state of anarchy and
  instability huge reaction from people like
  America First c. Public opinion and government
  sanctions against Japan came slowly d. After the
  German occupation of Czechoslovakia, FDR
  requested to sell arms to Britain and France on a
  cash-and-carry basis but was rejected by Congress

10
Arsenal of Democracy (I)

• a. Britain and France declared war on Germany in
  September 1939 b. With Poland overrun by Germany
  there was a lull known as the Phony War then
  from April 9 through May 21, Germany stormed
  Denmark, Norway. Belgium and the Netherlands and
  reached the English channel.  France fell in
  June. c. FDR changed his defense budget from
  1.7 to 17 billion d. set up the National
  Defense Research Committee on June 15, 1940

11
Arsenal of Democracy (II)
e. American destroyers in exchange for British
air and naval bases f. FDR reelected for the
third term g. In his annual speech to Congress,
he declared his Four Freedoms freedom of speech,
freedom of religion free from want and free from
fear h. requested 7 billion for funding of the
lend-lease program put in place in March 1941
to give what they need is to defend ourselves no
peace should be dictated by aggressors The
Lend-Lease is New Deal's Triple A foreign policy
it will plow under every fourth American boy