Development

1
Development Dissemination ofEnvironmentally
Friendly Vehicles- Japan Report -

• Director for Environmentally Friendly Vehicle
  Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transport
• Japan
• Yukihiro Ezaka Oct, 19 , 2004

MLIT Japan
2
Contents1.Current Situation
Countermeasures 2.Support Programs for
3.Development Promotion of
in Japan concerning Air Pollution, Global Warming
etc.
the dissemination of EFVs
New EFV Technologies
3
Air Pollution at Present in Japan
Attainment Rate ()
Attainment Rate ()
Air pollution is very severe especially at
metropolitan area
100
100
Whole Country
Whole Country
80
80
Attainment RateNOx69?PM25
60
60
Metropolitan Area

• Vehicles are main source of air
• pollution
• (NOx52?PM43)
• Diesel Vehicles are main factor

40
40
Metropolitan Area
20
20
0
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2002
SPM
NO2
Ratio of Exhaust Emissions in Metropolitan Area
Others21
Others13
Diesel43
Diesel42
20
NOx
PM
Nature19
80
Industry16
Gasoline10
4
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS in JAPAN
1,299 Million-tons of CO2 Emitted in FY2001, Up
5.2 Over 1990 ?To achieve the committed 6
reduction, we must reduce 11 of GHG between 2001
and 2010.
1,400
1,299 Mtons (5)
1,300
5
1,235 Mtons
6
Total greenhouse gas emission (in million tons
of CO2)
1,200
Kyoto Protocol commitment
1,100
Reference year 1990
FY 2001
Target year FY 2010
5
CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN JAPAN
About 20 of CO2 from Automobiles
Energy conversion
Other
Automobiles (88)
Industry
Transport (22.0)
1,214 million- tons
Residential And Commercial
Other
6
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT SECTOR
The Transport Sector must achieve a 46
million-ton Cut between 2001 and 2010.
46
267
255
National target level
250
217
Estimated amount assuming no anti-CO2 measures
Private-use passenger cars
130
14
112
23
86
1990
1995
2001
2010
In millions of tons
(Current performance)
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Energy Resources at Present

• Almost 100 imported

Southeast Asia 7.8

• Energy security issue

?Energy Origin as of 2000?
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Measures to Air Pollution and Global Environment

• Strengthen Emission Regulations
• Improve Fuel Efficiency

Plus

• ?Increase the number of EFVs
• ?Promoting the development and

practical utilization of Next-Generation EFVs
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Emission Regulations in the World Today and
Future - Heavy-duty Vehicles (GVWgt3.5t) -
?Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
?Particulate matter (PM)
Low-Sulfur (50ppm) Diesel Needed to Meet 2005
Regulations
10
Sulfur Regulation for Diesel Fuel

• 5000ppm(1976)

2000ppm(1992)
500ppm(1997)
50ppm(2005)
10ppm(2007(Plan))
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Required Fuel-Economy Improvement regulated in
the law
In Japan, target values of fuel efficiency are
based on Top-Runner Scheme. Now,
passenger-vehicles and trucks (except heave-duty
Vehicles) have target values.
Example for passenger-vehicles
11
12
Support Programs for EFVs in Japan
Target
More than 10 million EFVs by 2010

• Tax incentives
• Subsidy programs for municipalities and private
  companies / individuals
• Low-interest financing

13
Comparison with EFVs
Example of passenger vehicles
14
Low Emission Sticker Scheme
(1) Implemented in April 2000 to stimulate the
consumers' interest in automotive emission
performances and to encourage the use of
low-emission vehicles. (2) Emission performance
is ranked in two levels - a) a 75 reduction and
b) a 50 reduction from the latest emission
regulation. (3) Either an a) or a b) sticker
is attached to rear windows of vehicles according
to the level.
Stickers for NOx and NMHC
(g/km)
0.05
2005 Standard
NOx
ltLow Emission Stickersgt
b)2005 ? 50
0.025
0.013
a)2005 ? 75
0
(g/km)
0.05
0.025
0.013
0
NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon)
Note Emission values are adjusted to the test
mode prescribed for the 2005 Emission Standard.
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Fuel Economy Sticker Scheme
(1) Implemented in April 2004 to stimulate the
consumers' interest in automotive fuel economy
performances and to encourage the use of
fuel-thrifty vehicles. (2) Fuel economy
performance is ranked in two levels - a) the
target level and b) the level exceeding the
target level by 5. (3) Either an a) or a b)
sticker is attached to rear windows of vehicles
according to the level.
(Fuel economy stickers)
FY 2010 Fuel Economy Target Compliance
FY 2010 Fuel Economy Target 5 Compliance
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Outline of Automobile Green Taxation, Apr. 2004 -
Mar. 2006
Low-Emission Vehicle of 2005 Emission Regulation
Low-Emission Vehicle of 2005 Emission Regulation
Fuel economy target compliance
(Automobile tax) 25 reduction (Automobile
acquisition tax) \10,000(?80Euro) reduction
(No tax incentive)
Fuel economy target 5 compliance
(Automobile tax) 25 reduction (Automobile
acquisition tax) \10,000 (?80Euro) reduction
(Automobile tax) 50 reduction (Automobile
acquisition tax) \15,000(?120Euro) reduction
? The 2.2 2.7 reduction of Automobile
acquisition tax can be applied to Other
Environment Friendly Vehicles. Hybrid
vehicles 2.2 reduction CNG vehicles and
Electric vehicles 2.7 reduction
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Examples of Tax Reduction in Green Taxation
TOYOTA Prius (Hybrid-Vehicles)
Standard Tax Automobile tax ?
34,500 Automobile acquisition tax
?107,500 Tax Reduction Automobile tax
??17,000 Automobile acquisition tax
??47,300 Total ??64,300(?500Euro)
HONDA Fit
Standard Tax Automobile tax
?34,500 Automobile acquisition tax
?60,000 Tax Reduction Automobile tax
??17,000 Automobile acquisition tax
??15,000 Total ??32,000(?250Euro)
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Effects of Automobile Green Taxation
? Widespread Use of Low-Emission and Fuel-thrifty
Vehicles

• Since April 2001 when the reduction in automobile
  green taxation was initiated,
• low emission vehicles have rapidly increased.

19
Effects of Automobile Green Taxation
? Widespread Use of Hybrid Vehicles
Especially, the hybrid vehicles have
remarkably increased (in 2003, they became the
seven times compared in 1998).
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Environmental Performance Target for
Next-Generation EFVs- Heavy-Duty vehicles -

• Fuel-Efficiency Target

Maintain present level of diesel vehicles(power
and fuel consumption)

• Emission Target

NOx 1/10 of 2005 requirement PM Nearly zero
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Next-Generation EFVs for Heavy Duty Vehicles
(Now Developing under the MLIT Project
(FY20022004))

• DME vehicles

Target Value NOx 1/4 of 2005 requirement
PM Nearly Zero Main
technology Large quantity EGR etc.

• Next-Generation Hybrid vehicles

Target Value NOx 1/4 of 2005 requirement
PM 1/4 of 2005 requirement
Main technology Optimal engine control,
Highly efficient
energy-recovery system etc.

• Super-clean Diesel vehicles

Target Value NOx 1/10 of 2005 requirement
PM 1/2 of 2005 requirement
Main technology Optimal combustion technology,
DPF and other
after-treatment devices etc.
? These vehicles will be displayed at the
tokyo-motor show held in November 2004.
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Promotional Measures for FCVs

• Development of Technical Regulation in FY2004
• Establishment of H2 supply stations

Target
50,000 FCVs in 2010 5 million FCVs in 2020
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Promotion of Automotive Environmental Measures
Air Pollution
Global Warming
Emission regulations on new vehicles Control
on long-used diesel vehicles Sulfur regulation
for Diesel Fuel
Fuel economy standards based on top-runner
scheme
Environmentally Friendly Vehicles
Wider use of EFVs by tax incentives and
subsidies Development of next-generation heavy
duty EFVs Promotion of fuel cell vehicles
Development of biomass-powered vehicles
MLIT Japan