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Thinking, Language,

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Title: Thinking, Language,


1
Thinking, Language, Intelligence
  • The best way to have a good idea is to have lots
    of ideas.
  • Lines Pauling

2
Thinking
  • What is it?
  • Manipulation of words images
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Studies how the mind
  • Organizes perceptions
  • Processes information
  • Interprets experience

3
Concept Formation
  • Concept
  • A mental grouping of persons, places, ideas,
    events, or objects that share common properties
  • Priming
  • When one concept is activated, others nearby in
    the network are primed

4
Concept Formation
  • Prototype
  • Best representative of a concept
  • Ex Sport
  • Football
  • Basketball
  • Golf
  • Chess
  • NASCAR

5
Problem Solving Strategies
  • Trial error

6
Problem Solving Trial Error
  • Identify problem
  • Car wont start
  • Gather information
  • Outta gas? Dead battery?
  • Try a solution
  • Not outta gas, so Ill dry off the wires
  • Evaluate results
  • Car starts - yeah!
  • Car doesnt start - try another solution

7
Problem Solving Strategies
  • Trial error
  • Algorithm
  • A systematic, step-by-step problem-solving
    strategy, guaranteed to provide a solution
  • Heuristic
  • A rule of thumb that allows one to make judgments
    that are quick but often in error
  • L K C C O
  • Insight

8
Water Problem
9
Problems with Problem Solving
  • Mental set
  • The tendency to use a strategy that has worked in
    the past
  • Functional Fixedness
  • A tendency to think of objects only in terms of
    their usual functions, a limitation that disrupts
    problem solving

10
Problems with Problem Solving
  • Confirmation Bias
  • The inclination to search only for evidence that
    will verify ones beliefs
  • Belief Perseverance
  • The tendency to cling to beliefs even after they
    have been discredited
  • Anderson (1980)

11
Decision Making
  • Try to make best choice from alternatives
  • Utility value of given outcome
  • Probability likelihood youll achieve it
  • Representativeness Heuristic
  • A tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event
    in terms of how typical (how similar to the
    prototype) it seems
  • Availability Heuristic
  • A tendency to estimate the
  • likelihood of an event in terms of
  • how easily instances of it can be
  • recalled

12
Language
  • Formal system of communication
  • Spoken,written, and/or gestures
  • Between 5,000 and 6,000 languages, worldwide
  • Most languages also have many dialects

13
Properties of Language
  • Semantic
  • There are separate units in a language and these
    units have meaning
  • Phoneme basic building block of spoken language
  • Morpheme smallest unit that carries meaning
  • Generative
  • Combing language in novel ways
  • Displacement
  • The property of language that accounts for the
    capacity to communicate about matters that are
    not in the here-and-now

14
Structure of Language
  • Grammar
  • The rules of a language
  • Syntax
  • Specifies how words can be arranged
  • Semantics
  • Specifies how meaning is
  • understood communicated
  • Transformational grammar
  • Any one thought can be expressed
  • in different ways

15
Language Acquisition
  • Birth
  • Cooing, crying, gurgling
  • 4-6 months
  • Babbling
  • 12 months
  • First words
  • 2 yrs up
  • Telegraphic speech
  • Overextension

16
Language Acquisition
  • No one disputes the stages of language
    development
  • But there are two main questions in terms of what
    it all means
  • Is language acquisition a product of nature or
    nurture?
  • Which comes first language or thought?

17
the answers
  • Is it nature or nurture?
  • Skinner vs. Chomsky
  • Skinner Children learn language the way animals
    learn mazes
  • Chomsky The brain is hard-wired for learning
    lang.
  • Critical period
  • During the first few years of life, we are most
    receptive to language learning
  • What comes first thought or language?
  • Both sometimes children use words to communicate
    what they already know and sometimes they form
    concepts to fit the words they hear

18
Linguistic Relativity
  • The hypothesis that language determines, or at
    least influences, the way we think

Eyeglasses
Dumbbell
  • Hyde, 1984
  • Wudgemaker story he she he or she they
  • Males equally good regardless
  • Females better in she stories, worse in he
    version

19
Intelligence
  • the test of a first-rate intelligence is the
    ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at
    the same time, and still retain the ability to
    function
  • F. Scott Fitzgerald

20
Intelligence
  • What is intelligence?
  • The capacity to learn from experience and adapt
    successfully to ones environment
  • Reflects how well we function
  • Francis Galton
  • Believed that intelligence was inherited
  • Based intelligence on
  • Muscular strength
  • Size of your head
  • Speed at reacting to signals
  • Your ability to detect slight differences

21
Binet-Simon Stanford-Binet Scales
  • Binet-Simon scale (1905)
  • Assigned mental age based on items correct
  • Stanford-Binet
  • Lewis Terman at Stanford (1916)
  • Added items suitable to adults
  • Converted scale to a single score
  • IQ mental age x 100
  • chronological age
  • This doesnt work for adults was adjusted

22
The Wechsler Scales
  • David Weschler
  • Intelligence is
  • The global capacity to act purposefully, to think
    rationally, and to deal effectively with the
    environment
  • IQ ratio breaks down as we get older
  • Deviation IQ
  • Compares scores to the mean of peer group
  • WAIS
  • Measures intelligence for late adolescence
    through adulthood
  • Two parts verbal performance subtests

23
Issues to Consider in IQ Testing
  • Standardization
  • The procedure by which existing norms are used to
    interpret an individuals test score

24
Distribution of IQ scores
68
Mental Retardation
Mentally Gifted
95
100
115
85
130
70
25
Issues to Consider in IQ Testing
  • Standardization
  • The procedure by which existing norms are used to
    interpret an individuals test score
  • Reliability
  • Degree to which test gives consistent results
  • Validity
  • Does the test measure what it
  • claims to measure

26
Factor Theories of Intelligence
  • Spearmans G factor (1904)
  • Proposed that general intelligence (g) underlies
    all mental abilities
  • Factor analysis
  • A statistical technique used to identify clusters
    of test items that correlate with another
  • Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities
  • 7 factors which correlate but not enough to
    represent 1 underlying factor
  • Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number
    facility (math), associative memory, perceptual
    speed for stimulus recognition, reasoning, and
    spatial visualization

27
Factor Theories of Intelligence
  • Triarchic theory of intelligence
  • Robert Sternberg
  • Analytical
  • The mental steps of components used to solve
    problems
  • This is what traditional IQ tests assess
  • Creative
  • Intellectual and motivational processes that lead
    to novel solutions, ideas, artistic forms, or
    products
  • Practical
  • The ability to size up new situations and adapt
    to real-life demands

28
Gardners Frames of Mind
  • Multiple intelligences
  • There are seven types of intelligence
  • Linguistic verbal aptitude
  • Logical-mathematical mathematical aptitude
  • Spatial ability to visualize objects
  • Musical ability to appreciate the tonal
    qualities of sound, compose, and play
  • Bodily-kinesthetic ability to control movement
  • Interpersonal ability to understand people
  • Intrapersonal ability to understand oneself

29
The Nature Nurture Debate
  • Natures influence on IQ
  • Identical twins reared together are more similar
    than fraternal twins reared together
  • Siblings who grow up together are more similar
    than unrelated individuals who grow up in the
    same house
  • Children are more similar to their biological
    parents than to adoptive parents
  • Nurtures influence on IQ
  • Prenatal care, exposure to alcohol and other
    toxins, birth complications, malnutrition in the
    first few months of life, intellectual
    stimulation at home, stress, high-quality
    education, the amount of time spent in school
  • Head Start programs (and those like it)

30
Extremes in Intelligence
  • Mental retardation
  • IQ below 70
  • Difficulties with
  • Self-care
  • School / work
  • Social relationships
  • Four categories
  • Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound

31
Causes of Mental Retardation
  • Cultural-familial
  • Inadequate mental stimulation
  • Poor diet, little or no medical care
  • Genetic defects
  • Down syndrome
  • Brain damage
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Hypoxia

32
Mental Giftedness
  • IQ above 130
  • MENSA
  • Limits membership to top 2 of population
  • Sidis Fallacy
  • Contrary to popular belief, geniuses
  • dont tend to burn out at early age
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