INDUSTRY

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INDUSTRY
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Types of Industry

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary

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Primary Industry

• Produces the basic raw materials which can be
  used by other industries, it involves the
  extraction of materials from the land or the sea.

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Secondary Industry

• Uses the raw materials and fuels produced by
  primary industry to make or manufacture various
  goods.

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Tertiary Industry

• Involves the transport, buying and selling of
  products of primary and secondary industries. It
  also includes jobs which provide a service to
  people.

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Quaternary Industry

• Information and office based industry e.g. making
  computer software

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Task !!!

• Correctly place the job under the following
  headings -
• Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
• Forestry Mechanic Diamond Mining
• Army Hairdresser Fisherman Mechanic
• Limestone Quarrying Farmer Steel
  Manufacture
• Computer Components Manufacture

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Employment Structure of the UK
2006
Primary 2 Secondary
21 Tertiary 60
Quaternary 17
Describe what the pie chart above shows about
employment types in the UK today in 2006 What
would be the major differences if the pie chart
was dated 1956 ?
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International Employment Structure ()
How does the employment structure of the
developing compare with that of the developed
countries ? Is there a link between type of
industry and wealth of a country ?
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Industrial Systems

• Factories can be viewed as a system of INPUTS,
  PROCESSES and OUTPUTS.
• INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS
• Raw Material Manufacturing
  Product
• Fuel/Power wages/heating
  Waste
• Labour lighting/machinery
  
  
• The Outputs then travel on to Market to be sold.
• Some by-products can be recycled or sent to
  another factory to be used in another process.

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Factors Affecting Location of Industry
Transport
Location/Site
Raw materials
Market
Environment
Workforce
Capital
Government/EU
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Transport
Necessary for an industry relying on imports of
raw materials or the international export of
goods. e.g. The Car Industry Nissan in
Sutherland

• Sea
• Air
• Road
• Rail

Used mostly by light industries producing
expensive products or industries that rely on
fast delivery. e.g. Parcel Force or IBM
Most commonly used in Tertiary industry
delivering products throughout the country to
markets. e.g. Supermarket Giants, Flowers from
Europe
Transport of finished products. This form of
transport has become more popular again recently
as Environmental Issues have become important.
e.g. Tesco
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Raw Materials

• In old industries it was vital to be located near
  to raw materials or power sources.
• - next to a Colliery (coal)
• - transport was by canal or railway
• Today most industries are powered by electricity,
  power is not a factor.
• Many raw materials are imported.

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Environment

• Industry is concerned with image
• New industries are well landscaped and managed,
  this encourages skilled workers and clients to
  see the industry as professional and prosperous.

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Workforce

• Availability of Skilled Workers ?
• This is key for a successful industry.
• Many new industries are encouraged to come to
  areas with histories in heavy skilled engineering
• - unemployment is high
• - workers can be retrained

Example Steel Worker to Electronics Industry
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Government / EU

• The Government or the EU can provide certain
  incentives to encourage new industry
• Grants
• Free Rent
• Purpose Built Factories
• Retraining
• Financial Support

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Capital

• Social
• Fixed
• Working A companys current assets minus
  current liabilities. If a company has a high
  working capital then in general they prosper as
  they can invest in their future thorugh expansion
  of operations

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Market

• Access to a large market is key !
• Most industries are located near to large
  conurbations e.g. Glasgow or Manchester
• Another advantage would be to have access to a
  Port where goods can be transported
  internationally
• - very effective within EU countries

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Location / Site

• The Land on the site is crucial to industry, new
  industries have certain demands
• - flat land cheap to build on
• - room for expansion
• - access to excellent communications such
• as dual carriageway or railway
• Location
• - near to market
• - large population of skilled workers
• - near to a Port?

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Old Industrial Landscapes
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Old Industrial Landscapes

• The main features include
• Canals and railways for transport
• Factories, three or four stories high, with
  chimneys
• Large, irregular shaped factories
• The old factories caused a lot of air and river
  pollution
• Housing close to the factories often terraced
  (England) or tenements (Scotland)
• Often found in the inner city areas
• Little open space

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Task ! Answer the following questions in
sentences.

• Why were old industrial areas located on
  coalfields?
• Describe the main types of transport used?
• Describe the type of houses built at this time in
  Scotland and England/Wales.
• Why were the houses built next to the factories?
• Whereabouts in the city would this type of area
  be found?

Extension Read Connections page
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New Industrial Landscapes
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New Industrial Landscapes
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Task ! Answer the following questions in
sentences.

• What type of power is now used in new industries?
• Describe the type of transport now used by the
  industry.
• Describe ways in which the surrounding
  environment has improved.
• Why is it no longer necessary to have housing
  built next to industry?
• Where are these new industrial areas located?

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Push and Pull Factors

• A PUSH factor is a factor which causes an
  industry to move out of an area.
• A PULL factor is a factor that attracts an
  industry into an area.

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The PUSH of Inner City Locations

• Cramped sites with no room for expansion
• Old out-dated factories
• Congested roads in city areas
• Higher rates/mortgages for buildings near city
  centres and greater competition for land

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The PULL of an Edge-of-Town Location

• Modern factories often specially built in advance
• Good communications with a dual
  carriageway/motorway nearby
• Lots of space for expansion for future
  developments and car parking
• Cheaper sites as land values decrease from the
  CBD (town centre)
• Many areas are specially selected by the
  Government to receive grants and financial aid
• Near skilled and mainly female workforce in
  modern private housing estates and commuter
  villages

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Industrial Decline

• As the type of industry and its location changed
  many problems were created in the older
  industrial areas.

Factories Close
Reduction in Market for Goods Services
Unemployment Rises
Factories pulled down
Increase in derelict (waste) land
Less income and money to spend in community
People move away
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Some new development
Derelict Land
Old Railway Sidings - Unused
Coastal Location
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Features of Industrial Decline

• Write out the sentences below and choose the
  correct word from the brackets !!
• As industry decline in an area unemployment
  (increases / decreases)
• Many small supply industries are forced to (open
  up / close down) when a large factory closes
• People have (more / less money to spend when jobs
  are lost
• Derelict, waste ground begins to (disappear /
  appear)
• Some people (move away / stay) hoping to find new
  jobs
• The number of local shops and services (increases
  / decreases)

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Government Incentives

• The kind of help governments offer companies to
  set up in high unemployment areas include
• Grants, which is money given to the company
• Loans, money given to the company that has to be
  paid back over time
• Training, so that people will have the skills
  they need in your industry
• Infrastructure, improvements in e.g. roads,
  electricity supply, telecommunications and the
  water supply
• Constructing buildings that the companies can
  move into
• Government aid is provided by the local
  authorities, the British Government and the
  European Union.

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Industrial Decline

• Economic effects - to do with money - unemployed
  people have less money to spend, local shops and
  pubs take in less money, the local government
  gets less taxes and therefore has less money to
  spend, services such as schools and post offices
  are cut back, more people leave and so the area
  is badly run down.
• Social effects - to do with people - e.g.
  unemployment, low standards of living, family
  break-ups, crime, vandalism and depression. As
  many younger people will move away to look for
  work the area gets an ageing population.
• Environmental effects - to do with the
  surroundings - e.g. empty factories and houses,
  gap sites (where buildings used to be), waste
  ground and dirty buildings. One positive effect
  of the old polluting factories closing down is
  there is less air and river pollution now.

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Regional Differences within the U.K.

• Areas which have depended on the old, heavy
  industries (coal mining and iron and steel) have
  low wages, high unemployment and population
  decline. Areas like these include parts of the
  North-East of England, Central Scotland and South
  Wales.
• Areas which have modern, light industries have
  low unemployment, high wages and population
  increase. Areas like these include parts of
  south-east England and East Anglia.

Poor North
Thriving Rich South
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Footloose Industries

• Light industries are termed "footloose" they are
  not tied to the location of raw materials as
  heavy industries are.
• Footloose and fancy free !! NO TIES !!
• All these industries need are excellent
  communications, access to skilled workers, being
  close to a market and usually Government
  incentives are provided.

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Practise Questions

• As many old industries went into decline the
  effect on areas were social, economic and
  environmental. Describe and explain these
  problems (6 KU)
• The UK has regional differences with regard to
  investment and prosperity (wealth). Describe and
  explain this divide (6 ES)

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Revision to Date !!

• An Old Industrial Landscape.
• Describe the main features of this landscape. You
  should mention-
• Types of industry and examples
• Appearance of the factory buildings
• Location of raw materials
• Location of factories in relation to housing
• Type and density of housing
• Main transport links
• Environmental Quality

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New Industrial Industry

• Describe the main features of this landscape. You
  should mention-
• Types of industry and examples
• Appearance of the factory buildings
• Location of raw materials
• Location of factories in relation to housing
• Type and density of housing
• Main transport links
• Environmental quality

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Case Study

• TRADIONAL INDUSTRY (DECLINE)
• Iron Industry in Falkirk, Larbert, Denny
  Bonnybridge

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Reasons for Growth

• Local raw materials Limestone, Charcoal and Coal
  (Coalfields) and Ironstone and Water for cooling
  (Lades)
• Forth Clyde Canal/Union Canal essential for
  taking goods to the Port of Grangemouth where
  they could then be sent to market
• River Carron Straightened
• Building of railways this facilitated a good
  location and encouraged the building and
  maintenance of roads
• Labour Pool from countryside and skilled
  ironworkers immigrated from England
• New Technology e.g. Pig Iron
• Capital and Investment sourced from
  entrepreneurs
• Development of steam power
• All these factors combine to form the MULTIPLIER
  EFFECT, the area became famous for its
  Traditional Skills.

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Reasons for Decline

• Decline began in the 1960s due to the following.
• Loss of market as iron became largely obsolete
  except at steel plants, none of which were found
  in the Falkirk area.

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Effects of the Declining Industry

• Blight on the landscape environmental and
  visual pollution form old factories and bings
• Social
• Economic

Refer to Handout on Social, Economic and
Environmental Effects of Industrial Decline
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Solutions

• The area could be marketed as part of our
  industrial heritage tourism sites e.g.
  Bonnybridge
• Brownfield sites (previously industrial areas)
  reoccupied by modern industries e.g. tertiary,
  retail but mostly housing
• Promote area for use in leisure - country parks
  and woodland projects

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Exam Style Question

• With reference to one named industrial area in
  Europe you have studied, explain how such factors
  originally attracted industry to your chosen
  area. (5)

Transport
Raw Materials
Energy
Labour Supply
Site and Availability of Land
Market
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Map Work (Old Industry)

• How can you spot an area of old industry on an OS
  
• map ?
• Early industries were often located close to -
• water power sites
• canals or navigable rivers for transport
• water, used as a raw material
• railways, for transport
• houses, often in a grid iron street pattern,
  since they were set up when people lived close to
  their place of work
• In addition, the buildings are often noticeably
  large on the map and sometimes show the word
  'mill' or 'works'. Open space is limited.

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Map Work (New Industry)

• New industrial landscapes are often located
• Close to road transport, for example a motorway
  or major A class road
• Within Industrial Estates, so that several
  factories are located together
• On flat land, to allow several factories to be
  built
• With access to electricity, even if pylons are
  not shown on the map
• Close to open space, to make the surrounding
  landscape more attractive
• Separate from housing, since workers can live far
  from their work

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Industry Ordnance Survey Map Work
QuestionsMotherwell - 125,000

• Question 1Using map evidence, indicate any
  negative environmental consequences of the old
  industrial landscapes shown on the map. (4
  marks)
• Question 2For the industrial location in grid
  square 7756, describe the advantages of the site,
  using map evidence to write your answer. (4
  marks)
• Question 3A modern industrial estate is located
  in grid square 7661. What factors have influenced
  the location of the industrial estate? (4 marks)
• Question 4Using map evidence, explain why a
  large number of industries have located in the
  area of the map extract. (6 marks)
• Question 5A hi-tech computer factory is proposed
  at grid reference (GR 733553). Discuss the
  advantages and disadvantages of the area for such
  a development. (6 marks)
• Extract No 763/NS65/75

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Industry Ordnance Survey Map Work
QuestionsMiddlesborough- 150,000 Extract No
827/93

• Question 1
• Using map evidence, indicate any negative
  environmental consequences of the old industrial
  landscapes shown on the map. (4 marks)
• Question 2
• For the industrial location in grid square 5722,
  describe the advantages of the site, using map
  evidence to write your answer. (4 marks)
• Question 3
• A modern industrial estate is located in grid
  square 4620. What factors have influenced the
  location of the industrial estate? (4 marks)
• Question 4
• Using map evidence, explain why a large number
  of industries have located in the area of the map
  extract. (6 marks)
• Question 5
• A hi-tech computer factory is proposed at grid
  reference (GR 4714). Discuss the advantages and
  disadvantages of the area for such a
  development. (6 marks)

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Factors Attracting New Industries Case Study
NE England
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Reasons for Growth (Physical and Human)

• Availability of Greenfield sites
• Availability of Brownfield sites (previously used
  industrial area)
• These sites provide room for expansion.
• Deepwater Ports are available for the IMPORT of
  raw materials and for the EXPORT of finished
  products- in particular to EU countries.
• Good road infrastructure A1 (motorway) access
  from North/South UK
• Airports for both business travel and movement of
  products - close proximity to Newcastle and
  Stockton on Tees Airports

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Part 2 - Reasons for Growth

• Large supply of skilled labour available from
  Newcastle, Stockton on Tees and Middlesborough
  after the decline of traditional engineering
  industries.
• Training opportunities available - local colleges
  and universities
• Relatively low ways in comparison to other
  European developed nations
• Few working constrictions in UK.
• Being an assisted government area, local and
  national incentives and grants were available.
• English language a benefit in EU/world market
  place
• Multiplier effect for new supplier/component
  companies

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Map of NE England
NE England
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Recent Industrial Changes

• Recently new employment has been provided by
  overseas companies, as shown on the map below.
• New employment in North East England

These developments have further diversified the
types of manufacturing industry (motor,
electronics, off-shore supplies), and have
provided more opportunity for office and retail
work. The region has been particularly successful
in attracting call centres, which employ more
than 30,000 people.
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NE England - Attractive infrastructure

• two international airports
• six major ports with a full range of facilities
• improved road and rail links to London and Europe
  
• reservoirs in the Pennines providing constant
  water supply
• available industrial sites, both brown and
  greenfield
• Enterprise Zone sites

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Possible Exam Questions

• For North East England describe the physical and
  human factors which have attracted new industries
  and investment into the area.
  5 marks
• For your chosen industrial areas, describe the
  features/appearance of the new industrial
  landscapes. 3 marks