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Topics for Today

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Octane rating = 108! Alcohol R O H. R = some hydrocarbon group (methyl, ethyl, etc... 89 octane into your 87 octane car... NOPE! More power? Why do we ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Topics for Today


1
Sam dedication lecture!
2
(No Transcript)
3
Topics for Today
  • Whats all the other stuff in my gasoline?
  • Quiz 8

4
Topics for Today
  • Gasoline additives (MTBE, ethanol, and oxygenates)

5
Readings for Today
  • 4.10 Newer fuels and other sources

6
Topics for Monday (April 10!)
  • The other part of crude oil

7
Topics for Monday (April 10!)
  • Plastics
  • Polyethylene

8
Readings for Monday
  • 9.1 Polymers The long, long chain
  • 9.2 The Big Six
  • 9.3 Addition polymerization
  • 9.4 Polyethylene

9
Topics for Today
  • Whats all the other stuff in my gasoline?
  • Quiz 8

10
Review
What is the problem with using winter blends in
the summer?
Is the gasoline in the winter more or less
volatile than in the summer?
MORE!
11
What is wrong with VOCs?
Becomes more volatile ? VOCs!!
12
Should you use the summer blend in the winter?
Why not?
13
Does this have anything to do with the octane
number?
NO!!
14
What is the octane number?
15
  • Octane number A measure of how effective a fuel
    can resist engine knock.

In other words, how smooth is the combustion of
the fuel?
What is engine knock?
16
High octane number smooth burning fuel. More
of a controlled burn.
Low octane number Uncontrolled explosion
How do we determine octane number?
17
octane rating 100
Define!
  • Iso-octane
  • CH3 CH3
  • CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
  • CH3

18
octane rating 0
Define!
n-heptane
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
19
In the old days
Mix various amounts of n-heptane and isooctane to
see when a test-engine will knock.
20
  • n-heptane 0
  • Isooctane 100

21
Another example
22
Octane -20!
  • n-octane
  • CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

23
octane rating 100
  • Iso-octane
  • CH3 CH3
  • CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
  • CH3

24
Branched molecules tend to have higher octane
numbers!
Why do we care?
25
The gasoline from crude oil has an octane number
of about 60-70.
26
BUT
Recommended for most cars
27
Why do we use fuel additives?
1) To increase the octane number
28
Octane rating 123!
  • Benzene

Very toxic. Not used too much anymore
29
Octane rating 114!
  • Toluene

CH3
30
Octane rating 108!
  • Ethanol
  • H H
  • H C C OH
  • H H

31
Alcohol R O H
R some hydrocarbon group (methyl, ethyl, etc)
32
Very smooth burn!
Ethanol Ring of Fire!
33
Tetraethyl lead
Octane rating 270!
CH2CH3 CH2CH3
Pb CH2CH3
CH2CH3
34
Also called ethyl in the old days
35
TEL
Why not?
TEL is not used anymore
36
Criteria Pollutants
Lead is an extremely potent neurotoxin
  • Defined by the EPA
  • CO
  • SO2
  • NOx
  • PM2.5 and PM10
  • O3 (ozone)
  • lead

TEL was banned in the US in 1976
Lead is not very interesting anymore
37
If you put 89 octane into your 87 octane car
NOPE!
More power?
38
Why do we use fuel additives?
1) To increase the octane number
2) To make a cleaner fuel
39
Oxygenates!
Take a hydrocarbon
And just add oxygen!
40
Why add oxygen to the fuel?
Review
41
If we add oxygen to the fuel, then we can reduce
CO and PM emissions!
Complete Combustion
C O2 ? CO2 C ½ O2 ? CO C O2 ? C O2
Not enough oxygen
Severely depleted oxygen
42
Oxygenates
An alcohol
  • Ethanol
  • H H
  • H C C OH
  • H H

43
Spark Plug
Ethanol cannon!!
44
Why must ethanol be added at the pump?
Polar or nonpolar?
  • H H
  • H C C OH
  • H H

Is gasoline polar or nonpolar?
45
(No Transcript)
46
Whats good about using ethanol?
1) Reduced CO emissions
47
2) Less direct impact if spilled
Whats good about using ethanol?
1) Reduced CO emissions
48
Problems with ethanol?
49
(No Transcript)
50
September 2005 Report
What if WI mandated the use of 10 ethanol across
the state??
51
Air Pollution Implications
- means decreased emission means increased
emission
52
Problems with ethanol?
1) Air pollution compromise
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