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Working With Images

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To maximize the quality of your posters, manuscripts, PowerPoint ... Epson Perfection 2400 Photo in Mac lab = 2400spi. Minolta Dimage scanner = 2400spi ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Working With Images


1
Working With Images
  • April 21, 2005

2
Why this workshop?
  • To end the frustrating hours spent trying to
    print posters.
  • To maximize the quality of your posters,
    manuscripts, PowerPoint presentations and web
    images.
  • To inject some good information into the informal
    support network.

3
Agenda
  • Image basics
  • Resolution
  • Color management
  • File formats
  • Printing
  • Incorporating images into documents

4
Step 1 Forget everything you know about working
with graphics!
  • unless I ask a question

5
Image Basics
6
Graphic Types
  • Two fundamental types of graphics
  • Vector graphics
  • Raster graphics (a.k.a. bitmaps)

7
Vector vs. Raster
Vector Draw a 1024 x 768 pixel rectangle and
fill it with light yellow. Draw a 885 x 628
rectangle with no fill and a 6pt black stroke.
This makes a 504K Illustrator file.
Raster Make a 1024 x 768 pixel bitmap with a
bunch of light yellow pixels and a few black
pixels. This makes a 2.25MB image.
8
Graphic Types
  • Two fundamental types of graphics
  • Vector graphics
  • Raster graphics (a.k.a. bitmaps)
  • Graphics software used to do one type or the
    other. That is no longer true.
  • You need to pay attention to which type of
    graphic is being used and the conversion from
    vector to raster.

9
Vector Graphics
  • Consist of directions for drawing objects
  • File size depends on number and complexity of
    objects.
  • Do not have a resolution so they can be scaled
    without affecting image quality
  • Traditionally produced by drawing applications
    like Illustrator or Canvas

10
Vector Graphics
  • Best used for images consisting of geometric
    shapes and lines (i.e. maps, charts,
    stratigraphic sections, etc.)
  • Text is generally a vector graphic.
  • Its hard to get into too much trouble with
    vector graphics except when you convert from
    vector to raster.
  • Beware of overly complex digitized maps.
  • Beware of ArcGIS exports!

11
Raster Graphics
  • Image mapped out by grid (raster) of pixels.

12
Raster GraphicsBit Depth
  • Each pixel is represented by 1 to 64 bits
    depending on color mode.

Bitmap Grayscale RGB
CMYK
1 bit 21 2 values 0 black 1 white
8 bits 28 256 values 0 Black 255 white This
gray is 119
24 bits 224 16,777,216 8 bits for each channel
(R,G B) This is 255, 153, 0
32 bits 232 4,294,967,296 8 bits for each
channel (C,M,Y K) This is 0,44,95,0
13
Image (Color) Modes
  • PhotoShop (and other applications) can work in
    numerous image modes.
  • Grayscale, Indexed, RGB and CMYK are the most
    common.
  • Use grayscale for black and white images.
  • Use indexed mode when creating GIFs.
  • Use RGB for all other images.

14
Raster GraphicsImage size
  • Image size (bits) pixel dimension X bit depth
  • Divide by 8192 to get Kilobytes
  • Increasing the number of pixels geometrically
    increases the image size.
  • 500 x 500 24 bit image 732K
  • 1000 x 1000 24 bit image 2.9MB
  • 2000 x 2000 24 bit image 11.4MB

15
Raster GraphicsImage scaling
  • Raster graphics are not scalable. Changing image
    size requires adding or removing pixels.

600 x 6003 new pixels created for each original
pixel
16
Raster GraphicsFile size
  • File size does not usually equal image size.
  • Many file formats, such as JPEG and GIF, employ
    compression that shrinks the file size below the
    image size.
  • Example a 1024 X 768 red box is 2.25MB, but
    saved as medium quality JPEG the file shrinks to
    4.8KB GIF is 1.5KB.

17
Critical take-home point 1
  • No matter what size you shrink the file to, the
    image size stays the same!

Critical take-home point 2
  • Its the image size that matters when printing or
    displaying images! Compressed files such as a
    JPEGs are uncompressed to the full image size
    before they are used.

18
Raster Resolution
19
What is resolution?
  • It depends on whether you are talking about an
    images specification, a printers print quality,
    a scanners hardware, a monitors pixel dimension
    or a digital cameras CCD.
  • Resolution is one of the most misunderstood and
    misused terms in graphics.

20
Why is resolution important?
  • Properly specified image resolution is critical
    to print quality, printing speed and printer
    stability.
  • Improperly specified resolution can lead to all
    sorts of trouble (i.e. waiting 2 hours while the
    printer decides not to print your document).

21
Device Resolution
  • For printers it specifies the number of ink spots
    that can be printed per unit area
  • For scanners it specifies the physical spacing of
    optical sensors
  • For monitors it specifies the total number of
    displayed pixels
  • For digital cameras it specifies the total number
    of light-receptive cells in its sensor

22
Image Resolution
  • Image size has no physical reality it just
    specifies the total number of pixels which have
    no inherent size.
  • When an image is displayed or printed it takes on
    a physical size.
  • Image resolution controls the conversion between
    the image size and the physical display size.

23
The Acronym Game
  • DPI Dots Per Inch
  • PPI Pixels Per Inch
  • SPI Samples Per Inch
  • LPI Lines Per Inch (a.k.a. screen frequency)

24
Display/Monitor Resolution
  • The dpi resolution specified in image files has
    no impact when they are displayed on computer
    monitors or data projectors.
  • Monitors can only display at their set
    resolution.
  • Each pixel in the image file is mapped to a pixel
    on the monitor.

25
Which image is 20dpi and which is 600dpi?
It does not matter because they are both 500 x
350 pixels!
600dpi 20dpi
26
Proper Image Dimensions for Display
  • Figure out the size of your display device. 1024
    x 768 is most common these days.
  • Size your images relative to display size
  • 1024 x 768 full screen
  • 874 x 618 image with 1 inch border
  • 512 x 384 1/4 screen
  • Consistent image size adds a look of
    professionalism. Develop a set of preferred sizes
    and stick with them.

27
What about 72/96 dpi?
  • In the old days the common monitor at native
    resolution had an effective resolution of 72dpi.
    Today it varies.
  • Example The display width of my 17-inch CRT
    monitor is 12.25. In 1024 x 768 mode this gives
    an effective resolution of 84dpi.
  • Forget about 72/96dpiits meaningless when
    displaying images.

28
Scanner ResolutionSamples Per Inch (spi)
  • The native resolution of a scanner is determined
    by the spacing of sensors in its scanning bar.
  • UMAX 1100 in Image lab 1200spi
  • Epson Perfection 2400 Photo in Mac lab 2400spi
  • Minolta Dimage slide scanner 2400spi
  • Scanning at the native resolution gathers the
    maximum amount of info from the original document.

29
Scanner ResolutionSamples Per Inch (spi)
  • Always scan at the native resolution and then let
    PhotoShop downsize the image if needed.
  • Exception If you are in a hurry and you know
    your image is destined for low resolution use
    like the web or PowerPoint presentations, then
    scan at lower resolution for increased scanning
    speed.
  • Never scan at a setting higher than the native
    resolution. This causes the scanner software to
    make up pixel data. Let PhotoShop do the upsizing.

30
Printer Basics
  • Images are printed as a series of dots. Your
    brain interprets the dots as continuous tones.
  • The dots are solid colors (black, cyan, magenta
    or yellow).
  • The resulting color on the page is a function of
    dot concentration and the ratio between the
    different colored dots.
  • The conversion of your image into the series of
    dots is halftoning.

31
Example of Halftones
Enlargement illustrates what halftone would look
like if this image was printed on the color laser
writer or plotter.
32
Printer ResolutionDots Per Inch (dpi)
  • Only applies when printing a monochrome (one
    color) image.
  • Text or 1-color line art (black, cyan, magenta or
    yellow).
  • Completely irrelevant when printing all other
    images.
  • I repeat, completely irrelevant when printing all
    other images!

33
Printer ResolutionLines Per Inch (lpi)
  • Also known as line screen or screen frequency
  • Specifies the number of halftone cells (spots)
    printed per inch
  • The LPI is much lower than the DPI and is
    generally hard to determine because printer
    manufacturers do not advertise it.

34
DPI vs. LPI
35
Printer ResolutionThe importance of LPI
  • Image quality peaks when the resolution is set to
    2 times the line screen.
  • Many images look just fine at 1.2 - 1.5 times the
    line screen.
  • Sending images at resolutions higher than 2.5
    times the line screen degrades image quality and
    clogs the printer with needlessly large files.

36
Proper Image Resolution for Printing
  • Use 100- 140dpi for normal images lacking fine
    detail or where the fine details are not
    critical.
  • Bump up to 140-200dpi when the fine details
    count or you are printing small images.
  • Go up to 200-255dpi when printing small detailed
    images.
  • Never use a resolution 255dpi.
  • Experiment with resolutions images such as backgrounds.

37
Impact of Proper Image Resolution
  • Lets take the example of a color image we want
    printed at 10 x 8 inches
  • At 140dpi the image is 4.5MB
  • At 200dpi the image is 9.4MB
  • At 600dpi the image is 84.4MB
  • The 600dpi file is 19x larger than 140 dpi and 9x
    larger than the 200dpi file.

38
Impact of Proper Image ResolutionThe Extreme Case
  • Lets take the extreme example of a color image
    12 tall spanning a 5 poster
  • At 120dpi the image is 30.4MB
  • At 160dpi the image is 54MB
  • At 600dpi the image is 759.4MB
  • 120dpi is fine for almost any image youll print
    at this size. 160dpi is plenty for even finely
    detailed images. 600dpi makes the plotter go BOOM!

39
Critical take-home point 3
  • Less is more when setting image resolution. Never
    use an image resolution higher than than you need!

40
Sizing Images in PhotoShop
Use these boxes when sizing for display
Use these boxes when sizing for printing
Turn Resample Image off when you want to change
resolution without changing image size
Use Bicubic Smoother when upsampling and use
Bicubic Sharper when downsampling
41
Time to play with the Image Size dialog box
42
Color Management
  • There be monsters here

43
What color is this?
Purple?
Nope. Its 100110000001001111111111
44
The Monsters of Color
  • Computers cannot see color. To them images are
    only a collection of 1s and 0s.
  • Monitors cannot see color. To them images are
    just electrical signals that tell them how to
    adjust electron flow.
  • Printers cannot see color. To them images are
    only a set of directions on how to control
    printheads.

45
The RGB vs. CMYK Complication
  • Red, Green, Blue
  • Used by monitors and data projectors
  • Works by adding colors together (additive)
  • RedGreenBlue White
  • Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
  • Used by printers
  • Works by absorbing color (subtractive)
  • CyanMagentaYellow Black
  • Imperfections in ink absorption causes CMY
    muddy brown
  • Black (K) is added to fix the problem

46
The Reality of Color
  • Image color is device-dependent. It varies
    depending on the physical characteristics and
    configuration settings of the computer, monitor
    and printer.
  • Example In a store the TVs are often all tuned
    to the same program. They are all receiving the
    same input signal yet they all display slightly
    different colors.

47
Color Management
  • Color management is the science of displaying and
    printing images with consistent color across
    different computers and printers.
  • Its as mysterious as theoretical physics, but
    fortunately we can get by without knowing too
    many of the details.

48
Color Spaces
  • Color spaces are 3D models used to represent a
    range of real-world colors using numbers.
  • Each color space contains a different sub-set of
    real-world colors (check out the Color Sync
    utility).
  • Color profiles define the color space and are the
    basis for all color management operations.

49
Working Space vs. Device Spaces
  • The Working Space Profile defines the color space
    within the application.
  • You must specify the working space.
  • In Illustrator, PhotoShop, and InDesign each
    image has its own working space profile.
  • Device Space Profiles define the color behavior
    of the device (monitor, printer, scanner, digital
    camera, etc.).
  • For most devices you just select the proper
    manufacturers profile.
  • However, you should create your own monitor
    profile.

50
Working Space
  • Keep images in RGB mode
  • Specify the sRGB color space (sRGB IEC
    61966-2.1)
  • This color space closely matches the color range
    displayed by monitors.
  • The color laser printer and both HP plotters are
    configured to color match images created in the
    sRGB color space.

51
Setting Working Space Profile
  • Open the color settings dialog box

Set RGB working space to sRGB
Set RGB color management policy to convert to
working space
Turn on Ask when opening and Ask when pasting
Illustrator color setting dialog box. Other
applications have similar dialog boxes.
52
Monitor Profile
  • To display color accurately, applications must
    know how your monitor behaves.
  • what color is white
  • how it displays color tones
  • what actual color it produces when fed pure red,
    green or blue signals.
  • The monitor profile tells applications how your
    monitor behaves.
  • Most factory CRT monitor profiles do not
    accurately represent the monitor's behavior .

53
Critical take-home point 4
  • You must pay attention to your monitor profile if
    you want accurate colors!

54
Monitor Calibration
  • Both Mac and Windows users have the ability to
    create custom profiles for their monitors.
  • The utility is built into the Mac Displays
    system preference dialog box.
  • On Windows you need Adobe Gamma which is a
    control panel installed along with Photoshop.

55
Monitor CalibrationHow to
  • Set a familiar desktop picture you can use to
    assess color quality.
  • Mac Open the Displays control panel, select the
    color dialog box and click on calibrate.
  • Windows Open the Adobe Gamma control panel
  • Follow the utilities directions.

56
Monitor calibration demonstration.
57
File Formats
  • This used to be simple

58
File FormatsNew Complications
  • Traditionally raster-only formats like TIFF now
    support vector graphics and other image features
    like layers.
  • Traditionally closed formats like PDF are now
    editable.
  • Applications handle the new format features
    differently.
  • The best I can do is give some general guidelines.

59
Loss-Less vs. Lossy Compression
  • Loss-Less Files are compressed without altering
    the pixels. Repeated saves do not degrade the
    image. Examples RLE, LZW and ZIP
  • Lossy The act of compressing the file
    permanently alters the pixels. Each iteration of
    saving does more damage. Example JPEG
  • Rule of thumb Dont use lossy compression on
    working images nor on images destined for
    printing.

60
Formats for Working Images
  • The retention of editing flexibility is
    paramount.
  • Native application formats (i.e. PhotoShop or
    Illustrator) are best.
  • TIFFs are a good choice if you have to move
    images across many applications.

61
Formats for Archiving Images
  • You want a format that preserves as much editing
    flexibility as possible.
  • You want a format that will be readable in the
    future by many applications.
  • TIFF is the hands-down favorite.
  • PDF and EPS files are also good.
  • Native application formats are the most flexible,
    but have long-term compatibility concerns.

62
Formats for the Web
  • File must compress well to minimize network
    bandwidth requirements.
  • File format must be readable by web browsers.
  • JPEG, GIF and PNG are the industry standards. PDF
    is also common.
  • Use care when compressing JPEGs.
  • PNG supports both raster and vector data.

63
Formats for Printing
  • The format must support color matching.
  • The format must be easily digestible by printers
    and page layout applications.
  • TIFF, EPS, PDF and PostScript are the industry
    standards.
  • Native application formats also work well.
  • Watch out for compression and downsampling of
    raster data.

64
Printing
65
The Printing Process
  • Printers only print raster images.
  • When you print complex files like posters, the
    computer sends the printer a Postscript file that
    contains both raster and vector data.
  • The printer then converts (RIPs) the file into
    one giant raster image.
  • The amount of memory needed for the RIP depends
    on the file size and complexity.

66
Images in Documents
67
Embedded Files
  • Embedding files incorporates the image data into
    the document file
  • Creates a single file for the entire document
  • Quickly leads to very large files
  • Slow to load, save and display
  • Cumbersome to edit

68
Linked Files
  • Linking a file incorporates a small version of
    the image into the document as a place holder.
  • When printing or displaying, the computer links
    back to the original file.
  • Images are edited in their native application
    and the changes are automatically incorporated
    in the document.

69
Linked Files
  • Documents with linked files are relatively small
    so they open fast and do not bog down the
    computer.
  • Caution Changing the relative location of the
    document and link files breaks the link.
  • Linked files can often be embedded later if you
    need the entire document in one file.

70
Images in PowerPoint
  • File links in PowerPoint are very fragile.
  • Embed all files in PowerPoint.
  • If you need to use linked files, like video
    clips, save your PowerPoint presentation as a
    PowerPoint Package.
  • Use JPEG, GIF or PNG format.
  • Scale images to the proper pixel resolution at
    104dpi to simplify importing.

71
Images in Illustrator and InDesign
  • Use linked images to improve workflow and
    versatility.
  • Use native format for PhotoShop files, TIFF for
    rasters from other programs.
  • Scale images as needed in document, but then
    rescale originals.
  • Embed linked images to make portable file.

72
Lets look at building documents.
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