Integrating Composting Toilets within the Concept of an EcoBeach

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Integrating Composting Toilets withinthe Concept
of an Eco-Beach

• Richard Forbes - Physics
• Gemma Gotch - Chemistry
• Panagiotis Grigorakis Electrical Engineering
• Judith Martyns-Yellowe Environmental Engineering

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Overview

• Background
• Eco-Beach Concept
• Project Objectives
• Beach Classification
• Feasibility of Wind Solar
• Composting Theory
• ESP-r Model Results
• Composting Toilet Design
• Environmental Economic Impact
• Conclusion

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Background

• Waste on Beach
• - Mainly landfilled by local
• authorities
• - Estimated 585,000 spent
• on beach cleaning in 2006
• Facilities
• - Few toilets and kiosks
• (centralized)
• - Restricted locations

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Eco-Beach Concept
A framework that delivers a comprehensive
approach to sustainable beach management
Key
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Project Objectives

• Define Eco-Beach Concept
• Develop a beach classification guide
• Feasibility Study of Wind Solar Energy
• Design a composting toilet

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Beach Classification

• Guideline for determining requirements of an
• Eco-Beach.

Category 1
Category 3
Category 2
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Beach Classification 2
Category 1 Remote Beach, South Harris Best
Environmental option to leave beaches as they
are. Category 2 Ayr Beach Composting Toilet,
Recycling facilities, Access for disabled use,
Educational notices. Category 3 St Andrews
(West Sands) Composting Toilets, Recycling
facilities, public transport service, Educational
activities on the beach, sustainable kiosk
possibility.
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Wind and Solar Power

• Wind
• PV
• Good match with demand
• Low intensity (and structures are small)
• Solar Water Heating
• Good match with demand

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Wind and Solar

• Structures requiring power Kiosk, Ice Cream
  Van, Toilet

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Supplying Cold Storage
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Composting Toilet

• Composting Process
• Heat produced can result in T 70oC
• Composting toilets dont achieve this

Composting Pile
Micro Organisms
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Composting Toilets

• Can high temperatures be achieved?
• Insulation
• Optimal conditions (moisture, CN ratio, air
  flow)
• Insulation requirements determined by dynamic
  modelling and experiments
• Conditions controlled by features of overall
  design
• Calorific Value 25 MJ / kg

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Composting

• Peak heating power 84 W / kg

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ESP-r Model

• Objective
• Construction
• 250W Gain 3kg of faeces
• Airflow 36 m3/hr
• Control 55-70 C
• Insulation

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ESP-r Results

• Mean temperature is 62 C
• Insulation ? 10cm polystyrene

Compost temperature
Mean temperature
Ambient Temperature
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Composting Toilet Design

• Key considerations in our design
• Maintaining optimum conditions for a
  thermophillic process
• Low energy toilet
• Ease of maintenance
• Multifunctional
• A finished product that is safe to handle
• Achieving optimum conditions
• Moisture control Diverting and composting urine
• Aeration Ventilation and Exhaust powered by 10W
  PV panel
• CN ratio Saw dust provides the carbon required
  to maintain a CN ratio of 301
• Temperature Insulating chamber with 10cm
  polystyrene boards
• Design of a saw dust dispenser

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0.40
0.10
Sawdust flusher
0.30
0.50
2.80
All dimensions in meters
Dry urinals
1.80
1.70
Urine composter
1.00
0.05
1.30
1.00
2.00
2.00
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Benefits of the Eco-beach Concept

• Environment
• Reduced energy consumption
• Pollution and nutrification reduction
• Re-use of waste, less use of landfills
• Improved environmental sustainability awareness
  

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Benefits (II)

• Socio-Economic
• Enhanced tourism
• More revenue for councils
• Improved accessibility
• Alternative uses for beach litter waste becomes
  a resource
• Cost of land filling waste is reduced
  considerably

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Limitations Recommendations

• Lack of accurate data from local councils
• Experimental conditions
• Design of an Eco centre for educational
  activities, café, shops which would be powered
  entirely by renewable supply
• Comprehensive cost study of waste management on
  the beach
• Consider other applications for the toilet
• such as festivals, construction sites
• Sophisticated control system

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Conclusions

• Defined the concept of the Eco beach
• Beach classification model
• Solar resource most suited for the beach - there
  are limitations
• High temperature composting is possible without
  heaters
• Toilet design

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• Thank you for listening
• Any Questions?

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Energy, Chemicals
Food
Drinking Water
Fresh Water
Human Waste
Foul Water
Compost
Water for discharge to sea
Aerobic Digestion
Sludge
Contaminated Water
Energy
Anaerobic Digestion
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