Toekomst Visie Kennisvalorisatie

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(Toekomst) Visie Kennisvalorisatie

• Prof. Bart Van Looy
• Managerial Economics, Strategy and Innovation
• Faculty of Economics and Applied Economics
  K.U.Leuven
• Research Division INCENTIM
• S.O.O.I
• S.O.I.O.
• Bart.vanlooy_at_econ.kuleuven.be
• Presentation developed with in collaboration with
  Prof Ir. K. Debackere, Dr. M. Hinoul, Dr. Ir. R.
  Cuyvers

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In a knowledge-based economy growth is
inextricably linked to the capacity for
innovation the ability to transform knowledge
and ideas into new products, processes or
services. Healthy and innovative regional
economies are the foundation of a nations
competitiveness

• Deborah L. Wince-SmithPresident Council on
  Competitiveness

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National Innovation System Framework, (Based on
Freeman, Nelson - OECD, 1998)
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Financing and performance structures of RD in
the EU-15 ( billion, in current terms), 1999
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Challenges in the innovation spacewill require
collaboration and openness

• Technology-push --- demand-pull
• Discontinuous --- continuous
• Sustaining --- disruptive
• Breakthrough --- incremental
• Systemic --- product
• Business model --- product --- technology
• Exploration --- exploitation
• ? A variety of instruments and a hybridisation
  of the RD policy mix (curiosity-driven X
  demand-driven) has/is taking place

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Challenges in the innovation spacerequire
collaboration and openness
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Europe and the global knowledge economy
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Linking Science, Education, Technology
Economical Performance(EC DG Research, LINKST
MERIT/NCENTIM/CWTS)
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Linking Science, Education, Technology
Economical Performance(EC DG Research, LINKST
MERIT/NCENTIM/CWTS)
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Linking Science, Education, Technology
Economical Performance(EC DG Research, LINKST
MERIT/NCENTIM/CWTS)
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Knowledge transfer ISL

• Understanding the need for industry science
  links
• Start-up of technology-oriented enterprises by
  researchers from the science-base generated at
  the research institute
• Collaborative research, i.e. defining and
  conducting RD projects jointly by enterprises
  and science institutions, either on a bi-lateral
  basis or on a consortium basis
• Contract research and know-how based consulting
  by science commissioned by industry
• Co-operation in graduate education such as
  temporary practical studies at enterprises or the
  joint supervision of thesis projects
• Advanced training for employees, i.e. further
  education for enterprise staff in research and
  innovation related topics
• Systematic exchange of research staff between
  companies and research institutes via internship
  programs and leave-of-absence assignments.

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Knowledge transfer ISL

• Understanding the need for industry science
  links
• Development of Intellectual Property Rights
  (IPRs) by science both as a tool indicating their
  technology competence as well as serving as a
  base for licensing technologies to enterprises
  while generating lump-sum and royalty payments in
  return. Those IPRs are not limited to the
  establishment of patent portfolios, but also
  include the protection of design typologies, the
  establishment of frameworks for Material Transfer
  Agreements (MTAs), the protection of databases,
  the property rights on tissue banks, etc.
• the need for informal mechanisms gatekeeping,
  signalling posts,

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Collaboration a positive effect ... on the level
of the individual scientist

• Groups involved in technology transfer publish
  more basic scientific work (data based on
  ISI-SCIE)

Groups with collaboration
Groups without collaboration
Source Van Looy, Debackere et al., Research
Policy, 2004
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Collaboration a positive effect ...

• What about academic inventors? (Van Looy,
  Callaert, Debackere, 2006)

Publication output
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Year t
-
1

Year t
-
2

Year t

Year t1

0.597



Publication

Publication

0.
194


88


Patent
Patent
application

application

0.417

PhD

s promoted

PhD

s promoted

Age

Age


Source Callaert et al., forthcoming
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What about industry? (CIS-survey, N221 -
Source Faems, Van Looy Debackere, 2005)
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What about industry?
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Regions? Biotechnology Clusters
Fixed effect Negative Binomial Regression Model
Dependent variables Number of patents per Region
and Number of patents per region/population Source
Lecocq Van Looy (2007)
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Region Creating a networked incubator out of the
university
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Stimulating entrepreneurshipin Leuven more
than 100 spin-offs
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Providing seed capital through apartnership
with the financial sector
68 companies end 2005
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Leading to highly innovative regionalclusters of
entrepreneurial activity
Micro/nano- electronics
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Networking
Networking opportunities in Leuven

• Horizontal Network Leuven.Inc
• Network organisation stimulating contacts between
  university, IMEC, high-tech start-ups, innovation
  actors, support activities such as consulting
  agencies and venture capitalists, and established
  companies in the Leuven area.
• Vertical Networks technology clusters
• DSP Valley
• Focusing on the design of hardware and software
• technology for digital signal processing
  systems.
• L-SEC (Leuven Security Excellence Consortium)
• International, non-profit network organisation
  dedicated to promote the use and advance of
  e-security.

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What breeds this success?

• Basis a critical mass of high quality,
  internationally competitive research
• Integrated approach towards research
  exploitation multidisciplinary team high
  value added services via LRD team Gemma
  Frisius Fund seed capital partnership (with
  Fortis Private Equity KBC Investco)
• Clear incentives and policies to encourage,
  individuals research groups and departments to
  actively pursue spin-off and knowledge transfer
  opportunities
• Creation and acceptance of entrepreneurial
  climate in a university context
• Flemish legal context that is positive with
  respect to the exploitation of academic research
  and IP.

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What breeds this success?
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More research and faster adoption of best
practices based on principles of collaboration
and complementarities

• More networking, both local and international
  across institutional boundaries.
• More and better science strengthening EU
  universities (rather than superseding them?) (see
  also Dosi et al., 2007)
• More and better companies strengthening
  entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial value
  creation dynamics (see also Dosi et al., 2007)
• More attention for translation dynamics which
  might brings us beyond the traditional knowledge
  production function
• Legislation fostering ISL (based on complementary
  logics)?
• Creating a unified market (important for growth
  dynamics of firms -Globalstarters?)
• Creating economies of scale in terms of funding
  basic research (at the European level)?
• Adopt governance models for entrepreneurial firms
  that reflect the nature of their evolutionary
  growth process (Andries et al., 2006, 2007)?

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Importance of joint efforts within new/emerging
Fields (EC research project carried out by
CWTS/Incentim)
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The importance of adaptation and appropriate
governance models(Andries et al. 2007).
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Entrepreneurial Universities and the impact of
framework conditions (legislative) An assessment
of the Flemish situation.

• Bart Van Looy Mariette Du Plessis
• i.c.w.
• Martin Meyer (SPRU, UK)
• Koenraad Debackere

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Universiteiten en Hogescholen gelegitimeerd als
economische actor De situatie in Vlaanderen

• Al in 1991 bepaalde het Vlaamse decreet
  betreffende universiteiten (Decreet 12 juni 1991)
  dat de missie van universiteiten drieledig is
  het verstrekken van academisch onderwijs, het
  verrichten van fundamenteel en toegepast
  wetenschappelijk onderzoek en het verstrekken van
  wetenschappelijke dienstverlening, waarbij deze
  drie gebieden evenwaardig zijn.
• Het decreet van 22 februari 1995 bepaalt een
  aantal voorwaarden en grenzen waarbinnen deze
  dienstverlening in samenwerking met derden zich
  dient te situeren. Hierin wordt gesteld dat het
  aangaan van verbintenissen steeds toestemming van
  het universiteits- of hogeschoolbestuur
  impliceert alsook dat direct toewijsbare kosten
  en centrale beheerskosten dienen vergoed te
  worden. Daarenboven moet voor de niet-toewijsbare
  (indirecte) kosten, een overhead van minstens 10
  aangerekend worden.
• Het Universiteitsdecreet van 1991 werd later
  aangevuld met het decreet van 14 juli 1998
  betreffende de vermogensrechten op vindingen
  gedaan door personeelsleden van universiteiten in
  het kader van hun onderzoekstaken. Dit decreet
  geeft de universiteiten het (exclusief) recht tot
  de exploitatie van de vinding. Bij de exploitatie
  moet de universiteit er op toezien dat er geen
  afbreuk wordt gedaan aan de mogelijkheid van
  gebruik van de onderliggende onderzoeksresultaten
  voor doeleinden van academisch onderwijs en
  onderzoek. De onderzoekers hebben recht op een
  billijk aandeel in de opbrengsten die de
  universiteit verwerft tijdens de exploitatie.
• Dit wetgevend kader laat dus ook toe dat
  universiteiten de resultaten van
  contractonderzoek, inclusief intellectuele
  rechten, kunnen overdragen aan betrokken
  ondernemingen.

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Universiteiten en Hogescholen gelegitimeerd als
economische actor De situatie in Vlaanderen

• De samenwerking tussen bedrijven en
  universiteiten in Vlaanderen werd geanalyseerd
  aan de hand van academische patentactiviteit
  waarbij de de invloed van de introductie van het
  decreet van 1995 in het bijzonder werd beschouwd
  (Du Plessis et al., 2005).
• In eerste instantie kan worden vastgesteld dat de
  meerderheid van de eigendomsrechten van
  toegekende academische patenten zich voor de
  betreffende periode (91-01) situeert bij
  ondernemingen. Deze vaststelling laat toe te
  besluiten dat ondernemingen en universiteiten het
  transfermodel waarbij IPR wordt overgedragen
  aan ondernemingen hanteren.
• Wanneer men de toekenningsperiode nodig voor het
  bekomen van patenten in rekening brengt,
  suggereren de bekomen resultaten een positief
  effect van het creëren van een institutioneel
  kader waarbinnen universiteiten mogen optreden
  als ondernemende actor.
• Deze toename brengt een verschuiving met zich mee
  op het niveau van de aanvrager na de invoering
  van het decreet van 1995, treden universiteiten
  meer op als aanvrager. Deze toename betekent niet
  dat het overdrachtsmodel in de verdrukking raakt
  ook in de tweede periode worden eigendomsrechten
  bij ondernemingen geobserveerd en dit op een
  gelijkaardig niveau als in de eerste periode.

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Academic Patent Activity Flanders1991-2001
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ANOVA Results Before/After Decree 1996
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Conclusion

• Increase in Patent Activity.
• Increase to be observed for patents with
  university acting as assignee.
• No negative impact observed on the level of
  collaboration universities companies (measured
  by the occurence of transfer of ownership rights).

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Entrepreneurial performance of European
Universities An empirical assessment of
antecedents

• Bart Van Looy
• Eleftherios Sapsalis
• Paolo Landoni
• Julie Callaert
• Bruno van Pottelsberghe
• Koenraad Debackere
• Research Division INCENTIM, Faculty of Economics
  Applied Economics, K.U.Leuven, Belgium
• Université Libre de Bruxelles - Solvay
  Business School Centre Emile Bernheim, ULB,
  Belgium
• Politecnico di Milano, Italy

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Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Performance

• Previous research identified several elements
  beneficial for the entrepreneurial activities of
  universities (e.g. Henderson et al. 1998 Varga,
  1009 Debackere, 2000,2005 Mowery Ziedonis,
  2002 Colyvas et al., 2002 Agrawal Henderson,
  2002 Di Gregorio Shane, 2002 Coupé, 2003
  Lach and Schankerman, 2003 Shane, 2004 OShea,
  Allen Chevalier, 2004).
• RD intensity of the regional economical texture
  (for spin offs, this includes the presence of
  early stage - venture capital)
• Strategic orientation and commitment of the
  university towards the third mission (top and
  academic staff)
• Legislative frameworks allowing and/or
  stimulating knowledge transfer from universities
• Size/Disciplines present at the university
• Scientific capabilities?
• Di Gregorio Shane (2002) OShea, Allen and
  Chevalier (2004), Powers McDowell (2004)
  observe a positive relationship between
  scientific eminence and entrepreneurial
  performance (US).
• At the same time, the reconciliation of
  scientific and entrepreneurial performance is
  being questioned (e.g. Geuna, 1999 Hane, 1999
  Vavakova, 1998, Nelson, 2004)
• Fundamental differences in terms of reward and
  incentive systems (secrecy and closure versus the
  open dissemination of knowledge) might result in
  trade-offs or strategic choices favoring
  entrepreneurial over scientific activities (or
  vice versa)

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Research Questions

• Large scale empirical evidence on a European
  level is scarce
• Research Focus
• To what extent are scientific capabilities
  related to positively or negatively -
  entrepreneurial performance of European
  universities?
• Stated otherwise, when controlling for size
  (total academic staff), presence of disciplines
  and the RD intensity of the local business
  environment does one observe a relationship
  between scientific and entrepreneurial
  activities?
• Data gathering on a European level
• Focus on larger, science/technology intensive
  universities
• Sample n105, response rate, 62

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