PHENOLOGY

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PHENOLOGY

• Impacts of Spring Phenology on Carbon and Energy
  Fluxes in the Midwest and Northeast USA

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Research Contributions

• Phenology data from R. Ahas, J. Caprio, X. Chen,
  DWD, A. Menzel, J. OKeefe, and WPS
• Flux data from S. Wofsy/Harvard Forest
  (1992-2000), Lamont ARM (1994-1998), K.
  Davis/Park Falls/ WLEF (1997-1999), S.
  Grimmond/H. Schmid/ Morgan Monroe (1999-2000) ,
  and D. Baldocchi/ K. Wilson/Oak Ridge
  (1996-2000)
• Phenology compositing technique adapted from a
  method developed by X. Chen

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RESEARCH GOALS

• Dynamic Biosphere Models
• Terrestrial Biosphere Change Detection
• Improve Understanding of Atmosphere-Biosphere
  Interactions

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Integrated Approach

• Satellite Observations (AVHRR-NDVI)
• Indicator Species Phenology
• Native Species Phenology

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Lilac First Leaf
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Lilac First Bloom
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Spring Indices (SI) Bloom Model Performance(3
plant average model output compared to lilac
bloom data)
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SI Bloom Comparison to European Plant Data
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Comparisons to Harvard Forest Native Trees
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Comparisons to Harvard Forest Native Trees
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Comparisons to UW-Milwaukee Native Trees
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Spring Index Comparison to USA SOS Dates
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Diurnal Range Change with First Leaf
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Station Locations
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Spring Index Model Output for Selected Stations
Composite Chill Date First Leaf Date First Bloom Date

Station n min mean max min mean max min mean max
P. Falls 3 -24 -21 -15 110 117 125 130 139 153
H. Forest 9 -21 -15 -9 97 111 118 133 140 148
MMonroe 2 4 8 11 70 80 90 111 113 115
Lamont 5 10 17 22 54 58 62 83 90 97
O. Ridge 5 8 24 50 50 59 77 76 89 102
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Flux Changes Relative to First Bloom Spring
IndexHarvard Forest, MA 1992-2000
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Net Ecosystem ExchangeHarvard Forest, MA
1992-2000
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Comparative Latent minus Sensible Heat Flux
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Comparative Net Ecosystem Exchange
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Comparative Net Ecosystem ExchangeAnnual
Downturn Rates
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Comparative Net Radiation
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PAR Relative to First Bloom Spring IndexHarvard
Forest, MA 1992-2000
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Flux Changes at UWM Field Station, WI 2002
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Harvard Forest Native Species

• Acer pensylvanicum striped maple
• A. rubrum red maple
• A. saccharum sugar maple
• Amelanchier spp serviceberry, shadbush
• Aronia spp chokeberry
• Betula alleghaniensis yellow birch
• B. lenta black birch
• B. papyrifera paper birch
• B. populifolia gray birch
• Castanea dentata American chestnut
• Cornus alternifolia alt.-leaved dogwood
• Crataegus spp hawthorn
• Fagus grandifolia American beech
• Fraxinus americana white ash
• Hamamelis virginiana witch-hazel
• Ilex verticillata winterberry, black alder
• Kalmia angustifolia sheep laurel

• K. latifolia mountain laurel
• Lyonia ligustrina maleberry
• Nemopanthus mucronata mountain holly
• Nyssa sylvatica black gum
• Pinus strobus eastern white pine
• Populus tremuloides trembling aspen
• Prunus serotina black cherry
• Quercus alba white oak
• Q. rubra northern red oak
• Q. velutina black oak
• Rhododendron roseum mountain azalea
• Sambucus pubens red elderberry
• Tsuga canadensis eastern hemlock
• Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry
• Viburnum alnifolium hobblebush
• V. cassinoides witherod
• also observed at UWM Field Station

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Flux Changes Relative to First Bloom Spring
IndexHarvard Forest, MA
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Harvard Forest Carbon Dioxide Flux
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Phenological Changes near ChEAS sites
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Phenological Regions in Wisconsin(Source Zhao
2002)
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ISI First Bloom for NP Region, WI compared to SI
Indices for 475516(ISI from Zhao and Schwartz,
in progress)
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Proposed FLUXNET Phenological Phases (coniferous
sites)

• NA (Needle appearance)
• CF (Flowering)

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Proposed FLUXNET Phenological Phases (deciduous
sites)

• SL (Sprouting of leaves)
• UL (Beginning of the unfolding of leaves)
• L95 (95 of leaves at 95 of final size)
• BF (Beginning of flowering)
• FR (Fruit ripe)
• CL (Coloring of leaves)

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Proposed FLUXNET Phenological Phases (grassland
sites)

• IG (Initiation of growth, tiller emergence)
• IF (Initiation of flowering, anthesis)
• DF (Duration of flowering, anthesis)
• PS (Peak seedheads)
• LC (Leaves in canopy gt 90 dry)

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Global Phenological Monitoring

• European Phenology Network
• FLUXNET phenology protocol
• GLOBE phenology protocols
• Canada Plantwatch
• USA phenology network plans