UNFCCC WORKSHOP

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UNFCCC WORKSHOP on the
PREPARATION OF NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM
ANNEX I PARTIES
The Third National Communication
on Climate Change, Slovak Republic
Helena Princová
28 February- 2 March,2001
Bonn, Germany
The Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak
Republic
SHMÚ,.p.
PROFING,s.r.o.
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Background information
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Background information
General frame of country development
Political priorities

• Clearly declared effort to integrate country in
  the EU - harmonization of legislation with the EU
  one
• Slovakia became a member party of the OECD -
  September, 2000
• On-going effort to join the NATO

Economy profile

• Undergoing process of transition from central
  planned economy to a market one
• Steadily increasing contribution of the private
  sector to GDP - by more than 80 in 1997
• Structural changes in GDP - increasing share of
  services (46 in 1998),decrease in industry and
  agriculture contributions

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Background information
General frame of country development
Energy sector

• Area of reversal tendencies between the highest
  priority - to supply energy safety and reliably -
  and existing limitations - given structure of
  TPES, structure of electricity generation,
  environmental requirements and political
  priorities
• The highest contributor to the energy related CO2
  in Slovakia
• Restructuring and privatization
• Establishment of independent regulatory body
• Adjustment of distorted energy prices - removing
  of all types of subsidies
• New adopted legislation in energy sector - takes
  into account main principles of international
  documents Energy Charter Treaty, Protocol of
  Energy Charter, Nuclear Safety Treaty and UNFCCC

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Background information
New Energy Policy of Slovak Republic
Main decisions related to GHG mitigation

• Resolution of Slovak Government No. 801/1999 to
  shut down the oldest two units of NPP V1 Bohunice
  in 2006 and 2008
• Resolution of Slovak Government No. 559/2000 to
  stipulate preferred purchasing of electricity
  generated from locally extracted PES (lignite)
  until 2010 in the extent common in EU
• Improvement of energy efficiency and increase in
  renewable energy sources utilisation
• Energy saving activities
• More details Energy Policy of SR,
  www.economy.gov.sk

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Background information
Aggregated GHG emissions in 1990-1999
The Third National Communication on Climate
Change, SR, 2000 MoE SR
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Background information
Aggregated GHG emissions by sectors in 1990-1999
The Third National Communication on Climate
Change, SR, 2000 MoE SR
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Institutional aspects of preparation the Slovak
NC3
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Institutional and organisational aspects
Institutional arrangement
Main institutions involved in the preparation of
NC3

• Ministry of Environment Economy Transport,Post
  and Telecommunications Agriculture Building and
  Regional Development
• Profing,s.r.o. Slovak Hydrometeorological Inst.
  Research Inst. of Transport, Research Inst. of
  Wood Agricultural University Slovak Technical
  University

Co-ordination body for the preparation of NC3

• Profing,s.r.o
• Selected organisational structure was flexible,
  less bureaucratic, working mostly on the contract
  basis - this enabled saving of total expenditures
  for preparing the technical draft of NC3

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Institutional and organisational aspects
Data collection
General questionnaire on PM by sectors and
GHGs

• Review of principle strategy and policy documents
  related to the climate change
• Assessment of decisive PM from NC2,
  quantification of their impacts if available
  (directly - D GHG , indirectly - D Energy, D
  Heat, D Fuel, etc..)
• Comprehensive review of new PM related to GHG
  reduction, qualification according to Revis. IPCC
  Guid. 1999/7 (type of PM, status of
  implementation -I,A,P)

Technical questionnaire on PM by sectors and
GHGs (for energy- related CO2 emissions)

• PM on the energy generation and supply side
• PM on the energy demand side

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Institutional and organisational aspects
Technical PM on the supply side

• Increase in energy efficiency
• Fuel switching (fuels with lower carbon content
  for energy unit)
• Use of renewable energy sources
• Combined cycles
• Alternative fuels in transport
• Gas fuels in transport
• Increase in efficiency of technological heating
• Others

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Institutional and organisational aspects
Technical PM on the demand side

• Decrease in heat consumption for technological
  use
• Decrease in electricity consumption for
  technological use
• Decrease in energy intensity of technological
  processes
• Enhancing the energy efficiency in the
  residential sector (heat insulation, saving
  potential in district heat supplying, improvement
  of thermal characteristics of buildings, etc...)
• Decrease in electricity consumption in the
  residential sectors (electricity saving
  appliances, etc..)
• PM in the transportation
• Others

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Links and differences between the Slovak NC2 and
NC3
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Links and differences between NC2 and NC3
Slovak NC2 and NC3 - links and differences
Links

• The same core of experts body for both NC2 and
  NC3 - except the part of new gases and
  agriculture
• Using the up-dated version of the same software
  package for modelling (emission projections and
  impact of measures) - except the part of new
  gases

Differences

• Using of Revised IPCC Guidelines 1999/7 for NC3
  (structure of GHG /sectors has been changed into
  sector/ GHGs)
• Firstly involved more detailed part of new gases
  inventory and projections
• Lack of other final NC3 reports to review and to
  compare
• The most decisive findings and results from the
  document Action Plan on Meeting the Kyoto
  Reduction Commitments, SR,2000 have been adopted
  in NC3

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Policies and Measures
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Policies and Measures
Structure of PM section in the Slovak NC3

• Strategic documents and projects related to GHG
  mitigation

• Review of PM on GHG mitigation- by sectors,
  subdivided by GHG

• Other available mechanisms and tools to reduce
  GHG emissions

• Summary of measures and findings from the Action
  Plan on Meeting the Kyoto Reduction Commitments,
  SR,2000

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Policies and Measures
Strategic documents related to climate change
Documents

• Strategy,Principles and Priorities of the
  Environmental Policy www.lifeenv.gov.sk
• National Environmental Action Program II of the
  SR,1990 - among the priorities are issues of air
  pollution- namely GHGs, global environmental
  safety and waste treatment
• Strategy of SR Related to the Global Climate
  Change - under preparation, main goals in short,
  middle and long-term horizont
• Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic, 2000
  www.economy.gov.sk
• Concept on GHG Mitigation in the Sector of
  Building and Regional Development until 2005
• Waste Management Program in the SR
• Proposal of Long-term Adaptation Measures Related
  to the Negative Climate Change Impacts -for
  Agriculture, Water Treatment and Forestry

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Policies and Measures
Strategic projects related to climate change
Projects

• Slovak National Climate Program
• National Program on GHG Emission Inventories -
  Annual report on the air pollution and emission
  sources available in Slovak version -www.shmu.sk
• Study on Slovak Strategy for GHG Reduction,1998 -
  Project of National Strategy Studies supported by
  the MOE, World Bank and Swiss Government
  www-esd.worldbank.org/cc/
• Slovak National Program on GHG Mitigation in the
  Transport Sector,1994

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Policies and Measures
Review of PM on GHG mitigation -structure
Cross -sector measures
Sectors

• GHG affected

• Report on status and effects of PM from Slovak
  NC2
• Report on planned, adopted and/or implemented new
  PM

• Table Summary of PM by sector for GHGs affected

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Policies and Measures
Review of PM on GHG mitigation - structure (con
t)
Sectors considered in the Slovak NC3

• Energy
• Transport
• Industry
• Residential, commercial and institutions
• Agriculture
• Land use change and forestry
• Waste management

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Policies and Measures
Review of PM on GHG mitigation- structure (con
t)
GHGs considered in the Slovak NC3

• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
• HFCs, PFCs, SF6 - New gases
• NVOC,NOx,CO, SO2 - Other gases

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Policies and Measures
Review of GHG mitigation potential for decisive
PM from NC2

• Directly - expressed in terms of D GHG
• proposed CO2 mitigation potential in cement
  industry for decrease in fuel consumption by
  implementing new cylindrical kiln has been
  estimated at 42 thous. tons yearly
• proposed final CO2 mitigation potential in cement
  industry at combustion of used tires was 8.1
  thos. Ton
• Indirectly - expressed in terms of D Heat, D
  Electricity or D Fuel
• for the past governmental activity Project of
  supporting the economic activities resulting in
  saving of energy and imported raw materials
  (1992-1995) average annual savings of heat were
  estimated at 2 300 TJ, electricity at more than
  56 thous. MWh and saving of fuels at about 66 TJ

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Policies and Measures
Review of actual PM on GHG mitigation

• Briefly compiled description of principal PM by
  sectors, subdivided by GHGs
• Characteristics of decisive measures together
  with quantitative estimation of their impacts for
  sample years, starting in 2000 (instead of
  proposed 1995, due to time schedule of
  implementation) by sectors for GHGs

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Policies and Measures
Characteristics and GHG mitigation potential of
PM in energy sector
Comments-Emissions from fossil fuel combustion in
transport have been involved
-Positive values of D GHG represent decrease in
emissions after PM implementation
-Emissions of CH4 and N2O in table were
aggregated using GWP 100
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Impact of mitigation measures on the projections
of energy related CO2 emissions
EL - impact of adopted legislation-emission
standards and charges for air pollution CC -
implementation of combined cycles in the energy
sector (co-generation sources) RNS - aggregated
effect of renewable energy sources
utilization DSO- impact of the demand side GHG
mitigation measures TM- GHG mitigation measures
in transportation
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Policies and Measures
GHG mitigation potential of PM in agriculture
Measure - Reduction of
livestock number Goal and/or activity - Increase
in intensity of breeding
- Harmonization with EU legislation CH4
(GWP100) - positive mitigation
potential of 22 Gg/year in 2010 N2O (GWP100)
- negative mitigation potential of - 546
Gg/year in 2010 Comment -
reversal impact of measures from EU directions
decrease in CH4
production, increase in N2O Measure
- Production of bio-gas from
manure Goal and/or activity - Utilization of
renewable energy sources, GHG reduction CH4,N2O
(GWP100) - positive mitig. potential of 32,
resp. 398 Gg/year in 2010
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Policies and Measures
Other mechanisms and tools to reduce GHG
emissions
Financing of environmental projects

• Kyoto flexible mechanisms

• Joint Implementation( 4 AIJ pilot projects)
• Allowance Trading

• Global Environmental Facilities(GEF) - 1 project

• EU financial mechanisms (ISPA, PHARE, SAPARD)

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Policies and Measures
Summary of Action plan on GHG reduction in SR

• Detail analyses of the most decisive measures in
  view of their GHG mitigation potential,
  investment costs and assumed time schedule for
  implementation

• Analyses have been focused mainly on the
  production of energy related CO2 emissions

• Both, the supply and demand side type of measures
  have been evaluated

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Policies and Measures
Summary of Action plan on GHG reduction in SR
(cont)
Slovak NC3 provides data for analysed measures in
form

• Name of measure
• Investment costs 1000 USD
• CO2 abatement costs SKK/t CO2, USD/t CO2
• D CO2 1000t/year - GHG mitigation potential of
  measure expressed in terms
• of average decrease in energy related CO2
  emissions during the Kyoto commitment period
• Time -frame for implementation

Total estimated CO2 mitigation potential of
measures from AP represents average annual
decrease in emissions by 9 related to the
without measure projection scenario
(extrapolation of current stage in view of the
energy source structure and fuel consumption)
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Conclusions and Recommendations
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Conclusions and recommendations
Critical points of modelling and PM impact
assessment

• Lack of historical data in EIT countries to
  define simple correlation between macroeconomic
  indicators and final energy demand - permanent
  up-dating of previous input data is necessary

• Small share and uncertain future development of
  efficient structural changes in industry in EIT

• Contradictory effect of simultaneously
  implemented measures- for example measure on the
  energy demand side (energy saving) can decrease
  effect of supply side measure (fuel switching)

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Conclusions and recommendations
Critical points of modelling and PM impact
assessment (cont)

• Ranking of measures at modelling - abatement
  costs or policy objectives?

• Special baseline problems - in case of measures
  implemented in the industry and/or district
  heating sector which shall affect electricity
  generation in public power plants