ody

1
ody
rt
ollmann
hristi
atalie
ryant
lex
ones
eniff
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attooing(under the skin)

• Reasons for Tattoos
• decoration (most
• common motive)
• identification
• Tahitian tattoos
• served as rites of
• passage
• souvenirs

• Origination of tattoos dates back to 3300 B.C.
• found on Egyptian Nubian mummies
• The word tattoo derives from the Tahitian word
  tattau
• to mark

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Early Tattooing Methods

• Simple pricking
• Introduced color into scratches
• Sew a thread with pigment (usually soot) through
  the skin.
• Pricked the skin by tapping on a tool shaped like
  a small rake
• Striking a small bone-cutting tool into skin
• More conventional style
• with Metal (European settlers)

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Current Tattoo method

• Tattoos created by injecting ink into skin
• done with needle attached to hand-held tool
• Tool moves the needle up and down
• rate of 50 to 3,000 times a minute
• Penetrates skin by about one millimeter

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The Machine

• make micrometer-sized particles of ink into skin
• dermal layer, about 1/8 inch deep
• Invented by Samuel O Reilly
• patented in U.S.(1891)

• Sterilized needles installed in machine
• dipped in ink, which is sucked through machines
  tube system
• Powered by foot switch
• like sewing machine
• Machine uses up-and-down motion to puncture top
  layer of skin

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Actual Tattooing

• With outline(stencil) in place
• area cleaned with antiseptic soap and water
• Shading is applied to create a special effect
• when complete area is cleaned again
• Color placed in black outline
• Holiday
• Uneven area where color has lifted

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After Completion

• Tattoo again sprayed and cleaned
• Pressure then applied using disposable towel
• remove blood and plasma excretion
• Bleeding always occurs under normal conditions
• No Alcohol or illegal substances in system
• No fatigue
• No tattooing over scar tissue
• Most bleeding stops a few minutes after completion

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Diseases

• American Academy of Dermatology
• says non-sterile tattooing practice can lead to
• Hepatitis C, tuberculosis,HIV, among others
• hasnt been a documented HIV case from tattooing
• needles arent hallow like that of a syringe
• Allergies to any of the following Ingredients
• Resin, Acrylic, Glycol
• organic pigments have become a recent trend

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Inorganic Pigments

• FDA regulates colors with high toxicity
• often combined with toxic metals like lead,
  arsenic, mercury, antimony and selenium
• black inks use to contain carbon
• made illegal in u.s.
• Once used in mascara-caused blindness
• Popular Colorants

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Colorants

• Black - Carbon India ink(C), iron oxide(FeO),
  logwood
• Blue - Cobalt aluminate(CoO,Al2O3)
• Brown - Ferric oxide(Fe203)
• Green - Chromic oxide(Cr03), lead
  chromate(PbCr04), phthalocyanine dyes
• Purple - Manganese(Mn), aluminum (Al)

• Red - Mercuric sulfide(HgS)cinnabar,
  sienna-ferric hydrate(Fe(OH)3), sandalwood,
  brazilwood, organic pigments (aromatic azo
  compounds)
• White - Titanium oxide(TiO), zinc oxide(ZnO)
• Yellow - Cadmium sulfide(CdS)

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Organic Pigments

• Most contain a carbon molecule
• Found anywhere
• Spinach, carrots, tomatoes, beets and parsley
• coal tar
• undesirable-causes cancer
• Therefore, whether a color is organic or
  inorganic does not determine the safety of that
  color
• Though you cannot get bright colors unless they
  are of organic origin

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Pigment Allergies (and diagnosis)

• A tiny tissue "punch" biopsy is needed to confirm
  ANY suspected allergic reaction
• Allergic reactions to octyl acrylate in acrylic
  pigments may be related to latex allergy as the
  same low molecular weight polymer used as a
  plasticizer(pliable-softness) in rubber "latex"
  gloves is used in paints.
• This has not been proven

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Autoclave(sterilization)

• Heat/Steam/Pressure unit
• Achieves and maintains 250ºF (121ºC)
• Under 10lbs pressure
• For 30 minutes
• or 290ºF(132ºC), 15lbs, 15min
• Most run 55-minute cycles from cold start
• Kills all bacteria

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ehndi (in the skin)

• Henna-plant
• Mehndi-ancient art of application
• Paste made from all natural ingredients
• when applied skin becomes darkened
• Been used for over 5,000 years
• used to dye hair deep red
• Adornment of Hands and Feet

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Hazards

• Modern Mehndi is safe to use
• African henna contained an Ammonia compound
• made Mehndi stain black
• ALL Mehndi containing Ammonia(NH4) is black
• avoid Black Mehndis unless ALL natural
• extremely poisonous
• numerous deaths reported

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Lasts up to...

• Four Weeks
• Less exposure to soap, water, and rubbing
  prolongs life
• rubbing and excessive cleaning weather away at
  skin
• takes Mehndi with skin cells
• Henna soaks through to the Epidermis layer
• binds to keratin filaments found in Henna

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Ingredients

• Leaves, flowers and twigs of the plant are ground
  into fine powder
• Henna plant contains tropical herbs and
  hennatannic acid
• hennatannic is a protein
• when introduced to heat it clings to proteins
  found on the hair or skin

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Warnings

• Not recommended for use on children under 6 years
• It is not safe to henna a child under 6 months of
  age
• their skin is very thin, and body's
  acid-balancing mechanism is not well established.
  
• If you have G6PD deficient red cells

• (Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase)
• found in 10 of African Americans
• Buy only 100 Natural Henna to get desired
  results
• watch out for
• dead insects, soil, roots, stems, and hennatannic
  precursors

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emporary
attoos

• Used for fun
• Decide if want something permanent
• Big with
• Clubbers
• Men trying to be macho
• Children

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How they work

• Tattoo is printed backwards
• when laid on skin appears forwards
• Everything but gel is oil based
• causes water resistance

• Paper backing
• different backing thickness
• change time it takes to moisten
• Gel attaches tattoo to paper
• water soluble
• dissolves to detach from paper
• On front is an adhesive
• bonds to natural oils on the skin

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After Application

• Pat dry with paper towel
• removes excess gel
• pat powder on top to remove shine
• more realistic and believable look
• Lasts
• A few hours to a few days
• depending on washing or rubbing
• Wears away(peels off)
• can be removed with baby oil

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Pigments

• BLACK OX
• YELLOW PRO
• RED PRO MAG-7
• BLUE BASE-1
• Basic Printer Inks
• Not true color equivalents
• FDA Regulates products
• restricts true colors from cosmetical use

• Pigments must be FDA certified
• White or metallic ink colors
• will contain Titanium Dioxide(TiO2)
• and Aluminum Powder(Al(s)).

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Warnings

• When white or metallic ink colors are used,
  temporary tattoos will contain Titanium Dioxide
  and Aluminum Powder.
• Lacing temporary tattoos with LSD
• absorbs through skin
• causes children to become addicted
• some sources deny this accusation