Motivation and Emotion

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Chapter 8

• Motivation and Emotion

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Motivation

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• The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social
  forces that activate and direct behavior

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Instinct Theory

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• The view that certain human behaviors are innate
  and due to evolutionary programming.

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Drove Theories

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• The view that behavior is motivated by the desire
  to reduce internal tension caused by unmet
  biological needs

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Homeostasis

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• The idea that the body monitors and maintains
  internal states, such as body temperature and
  energy supplies, at relatively constant levels
  in general, the tendency to reach or maintain
  equilibrium

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Drive

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• A need or internal motivational state that
  activates behavior to reduce the need and restore
  homeostasis

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Incentive theories

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• The view that behavior is motivated by the pull
  of external goals. Such as rewards

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Arousal theory

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• The view that people are motivated to maintain an
  optimal level of arousal that is neither to high
  nor too low

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Sensation seeking

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• The degree to which an individual is motivated to
  experience high levels of sensory and physical
  arousal associated with varied and novel
  activities

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Humanistic Theories of motivation

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• The view that emphasizes the importance of
  psychological and cognitive factors in
  motivation, especially the notion that people are
  motivated to realize their personal potential

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Glucose

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• Simple sugar that provides energy and is
  primarily produced by the conversion of
  carbohydrates and fats commonly called blood
  sugar

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Insulin

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• Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates
  blood levels of glucose and signals the
  hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating
  behavior

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Basal Metabolic Rate

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• When the body is at rest, the rate at which it
  uses energy for vital functions, such as
  heartbeat and respiration

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Adipose tissue

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• Body fat that is the main source of stored, or
  reserve, energy

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Energy homeostasis

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• The long-term matching of food intake to energy
  expenditure

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Positive incentive value

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• in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of
  consuming a particular food, in general, the
  expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in
  performing a particular behavior

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Satiation

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• In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and
  diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating
  a meal in general, the sensation of having an
  appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied

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Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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• Hormone secreted primarily by the small
  intestines that promotes satiation also found in
  the brain

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Sensory-specific satiety

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• the reduced desire to continue consuming a
  particular food

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Leptin

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• The hormone produced by fat cells that signals
  the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating
  behaviors

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

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• Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas,
  most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates
  eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting
  positive energy balance, and weight gain

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Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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• Hormone manufactured promarily in the
  hypothalamus that reduces eating behavior and
  increase metabolism, promoting negative energy
  balance and weight loss

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Set-point theory

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• Theory that proposes that humans and other
  animals have a natural, or optimal body weight,
  called the set-point weight, that the body
  defends from becoming higher or lower by
  regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism

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Settling-point models of weight regulation

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• General model of weight regulation suggesting
  that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around
  the point at which there is balance between the
  factors influencing energy intake and energy
  expenditure

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Body Mass Index

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• A numerical scale indicating adult height in
  regulation to weight calculated as
• (704.5 x weight in pounds)
• (height in inches)2

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Obese

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• Condition characterized by excessive body fat and
  a body mass index equal to or greater then 30.0.

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Cafeteria Diet Effect

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• The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of
  palatable foods is available

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Leptin resistance

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• A condition in which higher-than-normal blood
  levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the
  expected psychological response

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Weight cycling

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• Repeated cycles of dieting, weigth loss, and
  weight regain

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Eating disorder

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• A category of mental disorders characterized by
  severe disturbances in eating behavior

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Anorexia nervosa

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• An eating disorder characterized by excessive
  weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining
  weight, and distorted body self-perception

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Bulimia Nervosa

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• an eating disorder characterized by binges of
  extreme overeating followed by self induced
  vomiting, misuse of laxatives or other
  inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food
  and prevent weight gain

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Binge-Eating Disorder

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• A proposed category of eating disorder
  characterized by recurring episodes of binge
  eating that are not followed by purging

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Hierarchy of Needs

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• Maslows hierarchical division of motivation into
  levels that progress from basic physical needs to
  psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs.

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Self-actualization

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• Defined by Maslow as a persons full use and
  explication of talents, capacities and
  potentialities.

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Self-determination Theory (SDT)

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• Edward Deci and Richard Ryans theory that
  optimal human functioning can occur only if the
  psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and
  relatedness are satisfied

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Intrinsic Motivation

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• Behavior motivated by the desire to engage in
  tasks that the person fins inherently satisfying
  and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging
  the desire to do something for its own sake

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Extrinsic Motivation
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• Behavior motivated by external factors or
  influences, such as rewards, consequences, or
  social expectations

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Competence Motivation

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• Motivated behavior directed toward demonstrating
  competence and exercising control in a situation

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Achievement Motivation

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• Motivated behavior directed toward excelling,
  succeeding, or outperforming others at a task

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Thematic Apperception Test

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• A projective test developed by Henry Murray and
  his colleagues that involves creating stories
  about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in
  a variety of ways.

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Emotion

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• A complex psychological state that involves
  subjective experience, a physiological response,
  and a behavior or expressive response

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Emotional Intelligence

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• The capacity to understand and manage your own
  emotional experiences and to perceive,
  comprehend, and respond appropriately to the
  emotional responses of others.

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Basic Emotions

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• the most fundamental set of emotion categories,
  which are biologically innate, evolutionary
  determined, and culturally universal.

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Interpersonal Engagement

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• Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which
  emotions involve a relationship with another
  person or other people.

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Amygdala

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• almond shaped cluster of neurons in the brains
  temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional
  responses, especially fear.

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Brain finger-printing

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• technique to detect lies or deception, which
  uses an EEG to analyze brain waves determines
  whether a stimulus is familiar or unfamiliar

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Display Rules

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• Social and cultural rules that regulate
  emotional expression, especially facial
  expressions

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Anthropomorphism

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• The attribution of human traits, motives,
  emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman or animals or
  innate objects

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James-Lange Theory of emotions

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• The theory that emotions arise from the
  perception of body changes

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Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions

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• The theory that emotions arise from the
  simultaneous activation of the sympathetic
  nervous system, which causes physical arousal,
  and the cortex, which causes the subjective
  experience of emotion

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Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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• The view that expressing a specific emotion,
  especially facially, causes the subjective
  experience of that emotion

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Two-factor of emotion

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• Schacther and Singers theory that emotion is the
  interaction of physiological arousal and the
  cognitive label that we apply to explain the
  arousal

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Cognitive-mediational Theory of Emotion

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• Lazaruss theory that emotions results from the
  cognitive appraisal of a situations effect on
  personal well-being

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Self-efficacy

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• the degree to which a person is convinced of his
  or her ability to effectively meet the demands of
  a particular situation

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PEOPLE
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Walter Cannon

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• American physiologist who developed an
  influential theory of emotion called the
  Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

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Charles Darwin
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• English naturalist and scientist whose theory of
  evolution through natural selection was first
  published in On the Origin of the Species by
  Means of Natural Selection in 1859

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Edward Deci

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• American psychologist who, along with Richard M.
  Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which
  contends that optimal psychological functioning
  and growth can occur only if the psychological
  needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness
  are satisfied.

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Paul Ekman

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• American psychologist and emotion researcher who
  is best known for his work in classifying basic
  emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and
  demonstrating that basic emotions and facial
  expressions are culturally universal

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William James

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• American psychologist who developed an
  influential theory of emotion called the
  James-Lang Theory

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Richard Lazarus

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• American psychologist who promoted the cognitive
  perspective in the study of emotion, proposed the
  cognitive-mediational theory of emotion

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Abraham Maslow

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• American psychologist and a founder of
  humanistic psychology who developed a
  hierarchical model of human motivation in which
  basic needs must be satisfied before people can
  strive for self-actualization

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Richard M. Ryan

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• American psychologist who, developed
  self-determination theory.