Asian Development Bank

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Asian Development Bank South Asia Sub-regional
Economic Countries for Regional Air Quality
Management Country Presentation   RETA
6159-First Sub-regional workshop 6-7 July,
2004 Bangkok, Thailand   Progress in Bangladesh
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Basic Facts about Bangladesh (BBS,
2002)  Geographic Location Between 20o 34' and
26o 28' North latitude and between 88o 01' and
92o 41' East longitude  Boundary North
India West India South Bay of
Bengal East India and Myanmar Area 147,570
sq. km (56,977 sq. miles)  Total Forest
Area 8,461 sq. mile (1995-96) (includes garden
and nursery)  Population 123.1 million (22
January, 2001) Population census Enumerated
more then 130 million now Life
expectancy Both sex 61 Male 61 Female
61 at birth (1998)
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Urban Population 28,808,477
Population census Enumerated Rural Population
94, 342, 769 22 January, 2001 Population
of Metropolitan Areas (2001, population
census) Dhaka 9,912,908 (About 20 live in
slums) Chittagong 3,202,719 Khulna
1,227,239 Rajshahi 646,716 Capital
Dhaka   Main Seasons Winter (Nov.
Feb.) Summer (March-June) Monsoon
(July-October)
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Climate Winter temperature av. max. 29
oC Winter temperature av. min. 11 oC Summer
temperature av. max. 34 oC Summer temperature
av. min. 21 oC Monsoon, average rainfull 1194
mm to 3454 mm  Principal Industries Jute
Cotton textiles, garment making, tea processing,
Fertilizer (ammonia, urea, ammonium sulfate,
SSP, TSP) Paper, cement, tannery, sugar,
sulfuric acid, light engineering, brick
making from clay, Agro-processing, shrimp
growing, ceramic, Small Cottage industries.  
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Sources of Air Pollution in Bangladesh Major
stationary sources are the following
manufacturing industries Pulp paper, textiles,
jute, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, tannery
leather, ceramic, chemicals, plastics, foundry,
soap detergents, steel rerolling, galvanizing,
electroplating, clay brick making, incineration,
open burning, solid waste disposal, ship
breaking, fertilizer (Urea, SSP, TSP, etc.),
Power Plants (natural gas, diesel and furnace oil
based), Small and Cottage industries.
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•  _________________________________________________
  ______________
• Diesel locomotive (Bangladesh Railway)
  277
•  Launches/ steamers/cargo vessels (Private and
  Govt. owned) 3700
• Motorized country Boats (Private) 67,000
• __________________________________________________
  ______________
• Source BBS, 2002
• Fuel
• All gasoline marketed in Bangladesh now is
  lead-free (unleaded)
• Sulfur content of different oil products supplied
  by Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC) through
  the oil marketing companies
•  

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Natural gas Natural gas available in the gas
fields of Bangladesh are all sulfur free (sweet
gas) and mostly methane (94 to 98). Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG) There are now more than 20 CNG
filling stations in Dhaka City. Some are being
built in Chittagong too. All 3-wheelers in Dhaka
city have 4-stroke engine and are on CNG. Most of
the taxi cabs in Dhaka City are on CNG. Some
private cars/microbuses are also on CNG. But
vehicles owned by Government offices,
semi-government, autonomous bodies have not yet
been converted to CNG. Some of the new buses in
Dhaka city are on CNG. Coal About 0.5 million
ton of coal is imported from Meghalaya coal
fields in India adjacent to the North-Eastern
border of Bangladesh. Import and use of this coal
though convenient because of proximity (hence
lower transport cost) contains about 4 sulfur.
This imported coal is now mainly used in the
brickfields.
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Coal from one of the coal fields in The Northern
District of Bangladesh (Barapukuria, Dinajpur)
will be commercially available in a year or so.
On a dry ash free basis Barapukuria coal contains
only 0.77 by mass sulfur. Higher Heating Value
of this coal is 2,568 MJ/Kg (11,040
Btu/lb). Government Initiatives To protect the
environment form further degradation (specially
water and air) the Government enacted the
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and
the Environment Conservation Rules, 1997. The
Environment Court Act was introduced in the year
2000.
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GOB had undertaken several projects for Air
Quality Management in Bangladesh 1.       Air
Quality Management Project (AQMP), World
Bank 2.        Bangladesh Environment Management
Project (BEMP) CIDA However, there are few
other projects where air quality management
issues have been addressed through some
components of work. Aims, objectives and
achievements of these projects  Air Quality
Management Project (AQMP) At present The
Department of Environment has been implementing a
5 million US Air quality Management Project
(AQMP) under World Bank assistance.  Under this
project DOE will set up 20 check posts at the
entry and exit point of Dhaka city and some also
in Chittagong and Khulna city to check the level
of emission from vehicles including in some other
major cities along with enforcement (punishment
to faulty and black smoke emitter vehicles).
Under this project vehicle inspection. air
quality monitoring. awareness raising campaign,
emission inventory, training to the drivers and
mechanics of all kinds of vehicles will be
undertaken. A continuous Air Monitoring Station
(CAM) will be set in the Dhaka City within Sangsd
Bhaban area.
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• The key components are
• i) Improved enforcement
• Setting appropriate standards
• Piloting of pollution control technologies for
  two-stroke three-wheelers and diesel vehicles.
• Better monitoring and dissemination of
  information and overall evaluation.
• Studies (petroleum sector. blood lead and
  socio-economic analysis)
• Emission inventories
• These components will help to lay a foundation
  for strengthening institutional
• capacity for air quality management and
  developing a comprehensive long-term
• strategy to reduce air pollution in Dhaka and
  other cities.

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Bangladesh Environmental Management Project
(BEMP) The prime objective of the BEMP is to
strengthen the capacity of the Department of
Environment for accomplishing institutional
planning to enable DOE to fulfil its legislated
mandates inclusive of GOB and donor projects. It
will also improve DOE's infrastructural
capability to formulate environmental regulatory
instruments and will help implement their
procedural and enforcement applications. Such
implementation will include necessary legal
inputs for dissemination of the substantive,
legal implications of these instruments to
relevant parties.   Amongst other things, the
project will 1) design and demonstrate models of
sustainable Environmental management tools and
techniques and provide practical training
opportunities for DOE technical and managerial
staff, personnel in other relevant departments
and participants in industry and local
communities and 3) raise environmental awareness
among a wide and varied audience. .  
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Under this project a program has been taken to
convert a large number Baby taxis in to driven by
CNG  It may be mentioned here that the government
has already decided to import lead free gasoline,
discouraged import of two stroke engines by
imposing increased tariffs. Conversion of diesel
and petrol vehicles to CNG is also getting
momentum through government support. Source
M.M. Rahman, M.J. Abdeen, and M.H. Khan Air
Pollution in Dhaka City An Overview.
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• Achievements so far
• No more leaded fuel in Bangladesh.
• Ban on the import of 2-stroke engine 3-wheelers.
• All 3-wheelers (baby-taxis) in Dhaka City now
  have 4-stroke engines and are
• running on CNG.
• All taxis yellow (AC) and black (non-AC) in
  Dhaka City are now running on
• CNG (about 10,000).
• Some new buses are now on CNG.
• About 20 CNG filling stations have been set-up
  in Dhaka City. Some are
• coming up in Chittagong. At least one is
  already operating there.
• One Continuous Air-monitoring Station (CAS) has
  been set-up near Sangsad
• Bhaban (Parliament Building) in Dhaka City
  and there is a mobile CAMS with the Chemical
  Engineering Department of Bangladesh University
  of Engineering and Technology. DOE is trying
  obtain another CAMS for Chittagong City under
  their AQMP Project.

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• RETA 6159
• AQM in SASEC Countries
• Progress so far
• Contacts have been established with other
  personnel of RETA 6159 Team.
• The Draft Inception Report (April, 2004) has been
  received and initial comments sent.
• Project initiation got delayed by one month in
  Bangladesh.
• Ms. Tatiana Gallego-Lizon was in Bangladesh
  between June 14 and 23. First meeting with her at
  ADB, Dhaka office. Meeting with Secretary, MOEF.
  Tatiana, Anwar Nooruddin were present. Several
  people from Ministry and DOE were there.
• Another meeting with Tatiana at her hotel on June
  22.
• It seems Bangladesh part of the project in now
  on.
• First monthly report for May, 2004 sent.

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• Draft Strategy for Network Building for Air
  Quality Management in Bangladesh sent. and that
  of data collection prepared and sent.
• Anwar also sent his draft Strategy of Work as
  National Researcher.
• Implementing Agency in Bangladesh identified as
  DOE, GOB. One of the Deputy Directors, DOE, Ms.
  Shahana Akhter is the designated focal point at
  DOE
• Letters are being sent to the stakeholders for
  networking explaining the objectives and
  usefulness of RETA 6159.
• Anwar is in the process of collecting and
  collating all the available data on air quality
  in Bangladesh.
• The two consultants met Director Technical of
  DOE, briefed him about the project and sought his
  support and guidance.
• Preparation for 6 day training program to be
  conducted by the international expert is underway
• 30 people will be selected
• Dates training site will be finalized soon
• Budget submitted

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Some Data on Air Quality in Dhaka
City Sources 1. S. Begum, March/April, 1996
10 different Locations (M.Sc. Engg. Thesis,
BUET) High Vol. Air sampler Envirotech,
India Maximum observed values 8-hour average
µg/m3 TSP SO2 NO2 Lead (Pb) (in
TSPM) 2858 91 183 1.388 TSP came out high as
the High Volume Air Sampler was kept at only 1 m
above ground because of logistical problems.
Pb was determined by Atomic Absorption
spectrophotometer
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