Required Navigation Performance Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required

1
Required Navigation Performance Special Aircraft
and Aircrew Authorization Required (RNP SAAAR)
Presentation to Flight Standards
IVT Names Mark Steinbicker, AFS-410 Barry
Miller, AIR-130 Tim Miller, ASAA CMO Robert
Davis, AFS-220 Date March 1, 2006
2
Introductions

• Mark Steinbicker, Flight Standards Service,
• AFS-410, Flight Operations Branch
• Barry Miller, Aircraft Certification Service,
• AIR-130, Avionics Systems Branch
• Tim Miller, Flight Standards Service,
• Supervisory Principal Operations Inspector, ASAA
  CMO
• Robert Davis, Flight Standards Service,
• AFS-220, Air Carrier Operations Branch

3
Objectives of Presentation

• Promote a general understanding of Area
  Navigation (RNAV), RNP, and RNP SAAAR concepts
• Raise awareness of public RNP SAAAR instrument
  approach procedures (IAPs) published in
  accordance with 14 CFR Part 97
• Discuss guidance materials and the approval
  process for RNP SAAAR
• Seek feedback from field personnel in the
  interest of improving guidance and processes for
  RNP SAAAR
• Provide points of contact in headquarters for
  assistance
• Serve as reference material after this IVT

4
Overview of Presentation

• Agenda
• Video on Performance-Based Navigation
• What? Terminology- RNAV, RNP, and RNP SAAAR
• Why? RNP SAAAR Benefits
• How? RNP SAAAR Procedure Development Criteria and
  Guidance Material
• Features of RNP SAAAR Procedure Design
• Advisory Circular (AC) 90-101 APPROVAL GUIDANCE
  FOR RNP PROCEDURES WITH SAAAR
• Development of AC 90-101
• Aircraft Qualification
• Operator Qualification
• AC 90-101 Appendices 1 through 3
• Questions or Comments
• Break

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Overview of Presentation (continued)

• AC 90-101 Appendices 4 through 7
• Inspector Guidance and Mechanisms for RNP SAAAR
  Authorizations
• Summary
• Key Concepts
• Points of Contact
• Location of Guidance
• Follow-on DVD
• Questions or Comments

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Agenda

• 1300 - 1345 Presentation
• 1345 - 1400 Questions or Comments
• 1400 - 1415 Break
• 1415 - 1525 Presentation (continued)
• 1525 - 1530 Summary
• 1530 - 1600 Questions or Comments
• You are encouraged to ask questions and provide
  comments!

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Video on Performance-Based Navigation(approximate
ly 13 minutes in length)
8
What? Terminology Area Navigation (RNAV)

• RNAV is a method of navigation that enables
  aircraft to fly on any desired flight path within
  the coverage of referenced NAVAIDS or within the
  limits of the capability of self-contained
  systems, or a combination of these capabilities
• Routes and procedures using RNAV provide improved
  access and flexibility through point-to-point
  navigation and are not restricted to the location
  of ground-based NAVAIDs
• The overall safety of the RNAV operation is
  achieved through a combined use of aircraft
  navigation accuracy, air traffic control
  intervention (via radar monitoring, automatic
  dependent surveillance (ADS), multilateration,
  communications) and/or route separation

9
Terminology (continued) Required Navigation
Performance (RNP)

• RNP is RNAV with on-board navigation monitoring
  and alerting
• RNP is a statement of navigation performance
  necessary for operation within a defined airspace
• A critical component of RNP is the ability of the
  aircraft navigation system to monitor its
  achieved navigation performance, and to identify
  for the pilot whether the operational requirement
  is, or is not being met during an operation
• This on-board monitoring and alerting capability
  therefore allows a lessened reliance on air
  traffic control intervention (via radar
  monitoring, automatic dependent surveillance
  (ADS), multilateration, communications), and/or
  route separation to achieve the overall safety of
  the operation
• RNP capability of the aircraft is a major
  component in determining the separation criteria
  to ensure that the overall containment of the
  operation is met

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Terminology (continued) RNP Special Aircraft
and Aircrew Authorization Required (SAAAR)

• RNP SAAAR is the first public implementation of
  RNP in the National Airspace System
• Operators must be authorized to fly this type of
  procedure
• Authorization process is similar to that used for
  ILS Cat II/III
• Procedures are charted with title of RNAV (RNP)
  RWY XX and words SPECIAL AIRCRAFT AIRCREW
  AUTHORIZATION REQUIRED below minima box
• Some Special RNP SAAAR procedures currently
  exist and may be developed in the future
  (different process and criteria from Part 97)
• Operations into foreign airspace/facilities using
  RNP-like procedures may require RNP SAAAR
  authorizations

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Why? Benefits of RNP SAAAR

• Provide better access through lower minimums to
  runways with terrain/obstacles
• Increase use of under-utilized runways (parallel,
  converging, standalone)
• Improve backup procedures during ILS outages
• De-conflict airspace and traffic flows (e.g.,
  converging runways, adjacent procedures) through
  narrower and curved segments
• Improve safety by eliminating circling maneuvers
  and providing lateral and vertical flight
  guidance to the runway

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How? FAA Guidance for RNP SAAAR Procedures

• Procedure Development Criteria-
• FAA Order 8260.52 UNITED STATES STANDARD FOR
  REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (RNP) APPROACH
  PROCEDURES WITH SPECIAL AIRCRAFT AND AIRCREW
  AUTHORIZATION REQUIRED (SAAAR)
• Airworthiness and Operational Approval-
• FAA AC 90-101 APPROVAL GUIDANCE FOR RNP
  PROCEDURES WITH SAAAR
• Note International procedure design criteria
  for RNP with Authorization Required will be
  harmonized with
• FAA Order 8260.52

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RNP SAAAR Procedure Design Features per Order
8260.52
Lateral Width of 2 X RNP with no secondary
buffers at RNP 0.3 nm or less
Curved Segments (optional) (Radius-to-fix legs)
Performance-Based Vertical Criteria (Vertical
Error Budget)
Guided Missed Approaches (optional) (RNP 1.0 or
less)
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AC 90-101 APPROVAL GUIDANCE FOR RNP PROCEDURES
WITH SAAAR

• Developed through coordination with aviation
  industry via Performance-Based Aviation
  Operations Rulemaking Committee (PARC)
• Designed to set a common standard for Operations
  and Airworthiness to be in sync with Procedure
  Design criteria in
• FAA Order 8260.52
• Authorizations issued under the provisions of AC
  90-101 may require operational mitigations to
  satisfy safety standards

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Guidance for Approvals per AC 90-101

• Aircraft Qualification
• Performance Requirements
• Lateral and vertical accuracy
• Airspace containment- system monitoring and
  alerting
• Position Updating
• GPS required during initial implementation
• DME/DME/IRU where appropriate
• Path Definition and Flight Planning
• Path Steering Performance
• Displays, Alerting, and Annunciations
• Design Assurance
• Navigation Database

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Guidance for Approvals per AC 90-101 (continued)

• Operator Qualification
• Operator requests approval from FAA
• Confirmation of aircraft qualification
• Case 1- Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) states
  compliance with AC 90-101
• -or-
• Case 2- No statement of compliance in the AFM,
  then the aircraft Original Equipment Manufacturer
  (OEM) and FAA determine airworthiness
• -and-
• Compliance with crew procedures and training
  specified in AC 90-101
• -then, if satisfactory-
• FAA issues interim authorization and then,
  following demonstration period (credit may be
  given to experienced operators), final
  authorization

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Appendix 1- RNP SAAAR Instrument Approach
Procedures

• Procedure design criteria defined in FAA Order
  8260.52
• Characteristics of RNP SAAAR procedures
• Allowance for multiple lines of minima at 0.3 nm
  and down to 0.1 nm
• RNP 0.3 line of minima will always be
  developed, if obstacles and terrain allow
• RNP values less than 0.3 nm generally require use
  of more automation
• RF legs an option throughout procedure and
  identified on chart
• Missed approach procedure with RNP less than 1.0
  nm
• Non-standard approach speeds and/or climb
  gradients
• Initial charting conventions established but work
  still ongoing

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Appendix 1- RNP SAAAR Instrument Approach
Procedures (continued)

• Characteristics of RNP SAAAR procedures
  (continued)
• Temperature Limits
• Restrictions charted as with Baro-VNAV
  (LNAV/VNAV)
• Limits do not apply to aircraft with approved
  temperature-compensating systems
• Aircraft Size
• Single standard (large aircraft) will be used
  for initial designs to encourage participation
  and reduce complexity
• Design to small aircraft criteria to achieve
  lower minimums
• Example RNP SAAAR charts in AC 90-101
• FAA National Aeronautical Charting Office (NACO)
• Products of commercial vendors may vary

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Appendix 2- Aircraft Qualification

• Primary intent ? provide guidance to OEMs
  avionics vendors
• In sync with RNP SAAAR procedure design criteria
  and operations criteria
• Content
• Introduction ? No need for new airworthiness
  project
• Performance Functional Requirements
• RNP SAAAR General Requirements
• Examples
• Display of deviation
• Altimeter crosscheck
• Requirements for RNP SAAAR IAPs with RF Legs
• Requirements for using lines of minima less than
  RNP 0.3
• Requirements for IAPs with a missed approach RNP
  less than 1.0

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Appendix 3- Navigation Data Validation Program

• Reduced obstacle clearance adds to importance of
  accurate data
• Sections
• Data Management Process
• Responsible manager
• Process documented ? configuration control
• Initial Data Validation
• Data Updates
• Data Suppliers
• AC 20-153 ACCEPTANCE OF DATA PROCESSES AND
  ASSOCIATED NAVIGATION DATABASES
• RTCA DO-200A STANDARDS FOR PROCESSING
  AERONAUTICAL DATA
• Aircraft Modifications (for example, software
  changes)

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Questions or Comments
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BREAK

• Please return in 15 minutes

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Appendix 4- Operational Considerations

• General
• In addition to the guidance of this appendix, the
  operator must continue to ensure they comply with
  the general RNAV operating requirements checking
  Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS), availability of
  Navigational Aids (NAVAID), airworthiness of
  aircraft systems, and aircrew qualification
• Preflight Considerations
• Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
• Autopilot and Flight Director (as required by RNP
  value, RF legs, AFM)
• Dispatch RNP Assessment (for example, predictive
  RAIM)
• NAVAID Exclusion
• Navigation Database Currency

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Appendix 4- Operational Considerations (continued)

• In-Flight Considerations
• Modification of Flight Plan
• Required List of Equipment
• RNP Management
• Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)/Global
  Positioning System (GPS) Updating
• Radio Updating (reversionary mode)
• Approach Procedure Confirmation
• Track Deviation Monitoring
• System Crosscheck
• Procedure with RF Legs
• Temperature Compensation

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Appendix 4- Operational Considerations (continued)

• In-Flight Considerations (continued)
• Altimeter Setting (emphasis on timely and
  accurate setting)
• Altimeter Crosscheck
• Non-Standard Climb Gradient (greater than 200
  feet per nm)
• Engine-Out Procedures (see FAA Notice 8400.80)
• Go-Around or Missed Approach
• Missed approach procedures that require RNP 1.0
• Missed approach procedures that require less than
  RNP 1.0
• Contingency Procedures
• Failure while En Route
• Failure while on Approach
• These considerations lead to the development of
  operational procedures that, in turn, lead to
  training requirements

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Appendix 5- Training

• Individuals must have completed the appropriate
  ground and flight training segments before
  engaging in RNP SAAAR operations
• Operators must provide training and ensure the
  following key personnel are qualified to conduct
  RNP SAAAR operations
• Flight crewmembers
• Dispatchers/Flight Followers

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• 14 CFR Part 119 Qualification Training
• RNP SAAAR training and qualifications should be
  incorporated into the operators
• Initial
• Transition
• Upgrade
• Recurrent
• Differences
• Credit for previous RNP training (e.g., Special
  RNP IAPs), must receive specific authorization
  from POI

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Dispatcher/Flight Follower Training
• Different types of RNP SAAAR procedures
• RNP SAAAR OpSpec authorizations
• The importance of specific navigation equipment
• RNP SAAAR regulatory requirements and procedures
• MEL requirements and operating provisions
• Aircraft navigation performance capabilities
• Navigation signal availability (e.g., GPS
  Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
  (RAIM)/predictive RNP capability tool)
• Evaluation - Demonstrate knowledge of RNP SAAAR
  procedures

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Flight Crew Training
• Ground Training Segment
• Concepts of RNP SAAAR systems operation and
  limitations
• General knowledge and operational application of
  RNP SAAAR instrument approach procedures
• Definitions
• Differences between RNAV and RNP SAAAR
• Types of RNP SAAAR approach procedures authorized
• Programming and display of RNP and aircraft
  specific displays
• Enable and disable the navigation updating modes
• RNP values appropriate for different phases of
  flight
• Use of GPS RAIM (or equivalent) forecasts and the
  effects of RAIM

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Ground Training Segment (continued)
• When and how to terminate RNP navigation
• FMC database effective dates
• Different components that contribute to the total
  system error and their characteristics
• Temperature compensation
• RNP SAAAR ATC Communication and Coordination
• RNP SAAAR Equipment Components, Controls,
  Displays, and Alerts
• AFM Information, Limitations, and Operating
  Procedures
• MEL operating provisions

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Flight Training Segment
• Proper execution of RNP SAAAR procedures
• Procedures for verifying that each pilots
  altimeter has the current setting before
  beginning the final approach of an RNP SAAAR
  procedure
• Use of aircraft RADAR, TAWS, and any other
  avionics systems used to support the flight
  crews track monitoring and weather and obstacle
  avoidance
• Effect of wind on aircraft performance during RNP
  SAAAR procedures and the need to positively
  remain within RNP containment area

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Flight Training Segment (continued)
• The effect of groundspeed while conducting RNP
  SAAAR procedures and bank angle restrictions that
  may impact the ability to remain on the course
  centerline
• RNP and the appropriate approach minima line on
  an approved published RNP SAAAR procedure
• Concise and complete flight crew briefings
• Alerts that may occur from improper RNP values
  for a desired segment of an RNP SAAAR procedure
• Performance requirements to couple the
  autopilot/flight director to the navigation
  systems lateral guidance on RNP SAAAR procedures
  requiring an RNP of less than RNP 0.3

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Flight Training Segment (continued)
• Potentially detrimental effect of reducing the
  flap setting, reducing the bank angle or
  increasing airspeeds may have on the ability to
  comply with an RNP SAAAR procedure
• Importance of aircraft configuration
• Bank angle restrictions or limitations
• Events that trigger a missed approach
• Programming and operating the FMC, autopilot,
  autothrottles/autothrust, RADAR, GPS, Inertial
  Navigation System (INS), Electronic Flight
  Information System (EFIS), and TAWS in support of
  RNP SAAAR procedures

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Flight Training Segment (continued)
• Handling of Take-Off/Go-Around (TOGA) while in a
  turn
• Monitoring of Flight Technical Error (FTE) and
  related go-around operation
• Handling of loss of GPS input during a procedure
• Flight crew contingency procedures for a loss of
  RNP capability during a missed approach

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Evaluation Module
• The operator must evaluate the individuals
  knowledge of RNP SAAAR procedures
• Include a thorough evaluation of pilot procedures
  and specific aircraft performance requirements
  for RNP SAAAR operations and the following
• Each pilot must complete two RNP approach
  procedures that employ the unique SAAAR
  characteristics of the operators approved
  procedures (i.e., RF legs, RNP missed).
• One procedure must culminate in a transition to
  landing
• One procedure must culminate in execution of an
  RNP missed approach procedure

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Evaluation Module (continued)
• Qualification by a RNP SAAAR qualified check
  airman (or AQP instructor evaluator) using an
  approved simulator, level 6/7 training device or
  aircraft
• and/or
• Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)/Line
  Oriented Evaluation (LOE). LOFT/LOE programs
  using an approved simulator that incorporates RNP
  operations that employ the unique SAAAR
  characteristics (i.e., RF legs, RNP missed) of
  the operators approved procedures

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Evaluation Module (continued)
• Demonstrate knowledge and skill in the following
  elements
• Use of any RNP SAAAR limits/minimums that may
  impact various RNP SAAAR approaches
• Application of radio-updating procedures, such as
  enabling and disabling ground-based radio
  updating of the Flight Management Computer (FMC)
• Ability to monitor the actual lateral and
  vertical flight paths relative to programmed
  flight path

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Evaluation Module (continued)
• Ability to evaluate and apply a RAIM forecast
• Proper setup of the FMC, the weather RADAR,
  Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS), and
  moving map
• Flight crew briefings and checklists for RNP
  SAAAR operations with emphasis on Crew Resource
  Management (CRM)
• Use of RNP SAAAR approach plates, briefing cards,
  and checklists
• Knowledge of and skill required to perform an RNP
  SAAAR missed approach procedure
• Speed control
• Ability to complete a stable RNP SAAAR approach

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Appendix 5- Training (continued)

• Recurrent Training
• Incorporate recurrent RNP SAAAR training that
  employs the unique SAAAR characteristics
• A minimum of two RNP SAAAR approaches must be
  flown by each pilot
• One culminating in a landing
• One culminating in a missed approach

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Appendix 6- RNP Monitoring Program

• The operator must have an RNP monitoring program
  to ensure continued compliance with the guidance
  and to identify any negative trends in
  performance
• During the interim approval, (the first 90 days
  and 100 approaches) the operator must submit a
  report to its Certificate-Holding District Office
  (CHDO) or Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)
  every 30 days
• After the interim period, the operator must
  continue to collect and periodically review this
  data to identify potential safety concerns, and
  maintain summaries of the data

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Appendix 6- RNP Monitoring Program (continued)

• The program must address the following
  information
• Total number of RNP SAAAR procedures conducted
• Number of satisfactory approaches by
  aircraft/system
• Reasons for unsatisfactory approaches, such as
• UNABLE REQ NAV PERF, NAV ACCUR DOWNGRAD, or
  other RNP messages during approaches
• Excessive lateral or vertical deviation
• TAWS warnings
• Autopilot system disconnect (when otherwise
  required)
• Navigation data errors
• Pilot reports of any anomaly
• Crew comments

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Appendix 7- Approval Checklist/Application
Contents

• The package should include, as a minimum, the
  following items
•  
• Aircraft qualification documentation
• List of aircraft (make, model, and series) and
  aircraft equipment to be used, including version
  of FMS software installed
• Operating procedures and practices
• Navigation Data Validation Program
• Flight crew training programs
• Simulator training
• Dispatcher/flight follower training
• Operations manuals and checklists
• Maintenance practices and requirements

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Appendix 7- Approval Checklist/Application
Contents (continued)

• RNP SAAAR approach monitoring program
• MEL- The operator should submit revisions to the
  MEL necessary for the conduct of RNP SAAAR
  operations
• Validation test plan
• Proposed language, e.g., non-standard Operations
  Specifications (OpSpecs)/Management
  Specifications (MSpecs)/Letter Of Authorization
  (LOA), that identifies any conditions or
  limitations necessary or required for the
  authorization
• Ability to fly an RF leg
• Ability to fly a missed approach requiring RNP
  less than 1.0

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Inspector Guidance and Mechanisms for RNP SAAAR
Authorizations

• FAA Notice 8000.316 OpSpec C052 can not be used
  for RNP SAAAR
• Part 121/135 OpSpecs
• C384 non-standard requiring AFS-200 and AFS-400
  approval
• Part 129 OpSpecs
• C084 must have CAA authorization for that
  country (AFS-50)
• Part 91 Subpart K Mspecs
• C384 non-standard
• Handbook Bulletins In development
• International RNP Procedures
• Majority of procedures will be designed with
  criteria harmonized with FAA Order 8260.52 and
  designated as Authorization Required or AR
• Limited number of RNP procedures
  (non-harmonized) that require similar performance
  to RNP SAAAR
• Both types require authorization

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Summary

• RNP SAAAR criteria and guidance documents,
  developed in coordination with industry, provide
  common standards in these areas
• Procedure Design
• Airworthiness
• Operational Procedures and Training
• Identification of appropriate operational
  procedures and associated training is important
• No intention for field inspectors to qualify
  aircraft for RNP SAAAR, rather this function is
  accomplished by specific OEM and FAA
  representatives (several aircraft models and
  operators are currently being reviewed)

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Summary (continued)

• AFS-400, AIR-130, and AFS-200 personnel are ready
  to assist with applications
• Points of Contact (e-mail and phone numbers
  available in
• FAA Directory)
• Mark Steinbicker, AFS-410
• Vincent Chirasello, AFS-410
• Barry Miller, AIR-130
• Bruce DeCleene, AIR-130
• Robert Davis, AFS-220
• Location of Guidance
• http//www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_o
  ffices/avs/offices/afs/afs400/afs410/policy_guidan
  ce/
• Follow-on DVD
• Presentation
• Video on Performance-Based Navigation
• AC 90-101

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Questions or Comments