Carnegies Innovations

1
Carnegies Innovations

• Carnegie searches for ways to make better
  products more ________________.
• Hires talented staff offers company ________
  promotes competition
• Uses ____________ integration--- buys out
  suppliers to control materials
• Through _______________ integration merges with
  competing companies
• Carnegie controls almost entire ___________.

2
Social Darwinism and Business

• Darwins theory of biological evolution the
  best adapted ________________
• __________ Darwinism or social evolution, based
  on Darwins theory
• Economists use Social Darwinism to justify
  doctrine of __________________.
• Idea of survival, success of the most capable
  appeals to the ____________.

3
Growth and Consolidation

• Businesses try to control industry with
  ____________ --- buy out competitors
• Buy all others to form __________________---contro
  l production, wages, prices
• ________________ buy all the stock of other
  companies
• John D. Rockefeller founds ______________________,
  forms trust
• Trustees run separate companies as if ___________

4
Rockefeller and the Robber Barons

• Rockefeller profits by paying low wages,
  underselling others
• When controls market, raises __________
• Critics call industrialists ________________
• Industrialists also become _________________
• Government thinks expanding corporations stifle
  free _____________
• _________________ Act trust illegal if
  interferes with free trade
• Prosecuting companies difficult government
  stops enforcing act

5
Fewer Control More (2 slides)

• South recovering from Civil War, hindered by lack
  of _________________. North owns 90 of stock in
  RR
• Northern wages generally __________ than Southern
• Exploitation, unsafe conditions unite workers
  across __________
• Most workers have _________ hour days, _________
  day workweeks
• Perform repetitive, mind-dulling tasks
• No ___________, sick leave, _________
  compensation
• To survive, families need all members to work,
  including ____________
• Sweatshops, tenement workshops often only jobs
  for women/children (require few skills, pay
  lowest ______)

6
Labor Unions Emerge

• National Labor Union first large-scale national
  organization
• 1868, NLU gets Congress to give _____ hour day to
  civil servants
• Local chapters reject _________ _________
  National Labor Union forms
• NLU focus on linking existing local unions
• Noble Order of the ____________ open to women,
  blacks, unskilled
• Knights support 8 hour day, ___________,
  arbitration

7
Union Movements Diverge

• ______________ include skilled workers from one
  or more trades
• ________________ helps found American Federation
  of Labor (_______)
• AFL uses collective ___________ for better wages,
  hours, conditions
• AFL __________ successfully, wins higher pay,
  shorter workweek
• Industrial unions include skilled, unskilled
  workers in an industry
• Eugene V ___________ forms American Railway Union

8
Socialism and the IWW

• Some labor activists turn to _______________
• ___________ control of business, property
• ___________ distribution of wealth
• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or
  _______________ forms in 1905
• Organized by __________ unionists, socialists
  include African Americans
• Industrial unions give unskilled workers dignity,
  _____________
• Japanese, Mexicans form Sugar Beet and Farm
  Laborers Union in California/ Wyoming Fed. Of
  Labor supports immigrant miners

9
The Great Strike of 1877

• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad strike spreads to
  other lines
• Governors say impeding ______________commerce
  federal troops intervene
• The Haymarket Affair
• 3,000 gather at Chicagos Haymarket Square,
  protest police _____________
• Violence ensues 8 charged with inciting riot,
  convicted
• Public Opinion turns ______________ labor movement

10
Strikes turn Violent

• The Homestead Strike
• 1892, Carnegie Steel workers strike over pay cuts
• Win battle against ______________ National Guard
  reopens plant
• Steelworkers do not remobilize for _______ years
• Pullman lays off 3000, cuts _______ but not
  ________ workers strike
• Pullman refuses ________________ violence
  ensues federal troops sent
• Debs jailed, most workers fired, many ____________

11
Women Organize

• Women barred from many __________ unite behind
  powerful leaders
• ____________________ - most prominent organizer
  in womens labor
• Works for United Mine Workers
• Leads childrens ______________
• Pauliene _____________- organizer for
  International Ladies Garment Workers
• 1911 _________________ fire results in public
  outrage

12
Management and Government Pressure Unions

• Employers forbid ___________ turn Sherman
  Antitrust Act against _____________
• Legal limitations cripple unions but
  __________________ rises.