Being Alone During Heart Attack

1
Being Alone During Heart Attack

• If you are alone and think you are suffering a
  heart attack
• Dont panic
• Cough vigorously with deep breaths between coughs
  to produce sputum from deep in chest
• Deep breaths gets oxygen into lungs coughing
  movement squeezes the heart keeps blood
  circulating
• The squeezing pressure on the heart helps to
  regain a normal rhythm
• This may give you time to get to a hospital or
  help

2
Prompt Care is Essential

• Knowledge of what to do
• Knowledge of how to do it
• Being prepared to follow through
• There is no room for uncertainty
• There is no room for error

3
EMERGENCY FIRST AID

• If you are the first to arrive on the scene of an
  accident you should take action, whether its
  providing first aid or calling for help.
• Call 911 immediately after assessing the victim.
  
• Your assistance could save a life.

4
POISONING

• View the scene for poisons
• Its important to know what the poison is
• Read label for warnings emergency
• Check the MSDS
• Get victim away from the harmful poison
• Do Not give the victim anything by mouth unless
  advised to by the Poison Control Center
• Call 911 or the Emergency Poison Control Center

5
SHOCK

• Lay the victim down if not already doing so
• Elevate the victims legs if no spinal injury is
  present
• Cover the victim with a blanket or coat to
  maintain body temperature
• If victim is not breathing, then perform CPR
  immediately302
• Call 911
• Clear area of excess people to give plenty of
  breathing room

6
FRACTURES

• R Rest (rest stay off of it)
• I Ice (apply cold to the affected site)
• I Immobilization (movement or motion will
  worsen an existing injury)
• C Compression (use a support wrap or elastic
  ace bandage)
• E Elevation (keep injury in a raised position
  to reduce swelling)
• S Support fractured area with a splint,
  crutches, etc.

7
BLEEDING

• If victim is bleeding, then apply direct pressure
  to the wound, using a bandage or whatever is
  currently available.
• Applying pressure will either slow the bleeding
  or stop it until help arrives.
• Call for emergency aid immediately after applying
  pressure.
• Try to keep victim calm to avoid increased
  bleeding or further opening the wound

8
SPRAINS

• I Iceapply ice to the affected area to reduce
  swelling. Do not apply ice directly on skin
• C CompressUse an elastic bandage wrap and wrap,
  but not too tight
• E ElevateRaise sprain to reduce swelling and
  control internal bleeding

9
CPR

• A-AirwayOpen airway and clear of any
  obstructions, then tilt chin back
• B-BreatheGive two breathes into mouth and be
  sure to pinch nose
• C-CirculationCheck for pulse or circulation
• If no pulse, then begin compressions 30 to 2
  breathes302
• Call 911

10
CPR-continued

• Blood flow during CPR is due to the direct
  compression of the heart between the sternum and
  spine
• During chest compressions, increased
  Intrathoracic Pressure (IP) aided by one-way
  valves in the heart and venous system. The IP
  must be repetitive at a high frequency and
  duration to maintain adequate perfusion

11
Hypothermia

• Immediately begin warming the victim in slow, but
  progressive manner
• Remove all wet clothing and cover all exposed
  skin with blankets, towels, etc
• After warming the victim and is safe enough to
  move, transport to hospital for further
  examination

12
Mechanism of Injury

• Shearing a force that moves parallel to the
  tissues
• Blisters
• Abrasions
• Vertebral disc injuries
• Bending a horizontal force causing the tissue to
  bend or strain
• Spiral fracture or Greenstick fracture

13
Skin Wound Classification

• Friction Blister continuous rubbing on the skin
• Abrasion skin is scraped against a rough surface
• Bruise compression causes bleeding under the
  skin
• Laceration an irregular tear of the skin
• Avulsion skin is ripped off
• Incision a sharp cut
• Puncture penetration of the skin by a sharp
  object

14
Treatments For Skin Wounds

• Powders drying agents
• Water drying agent
• Creams usually contain medications
• Tinactin
• Hydrocortisone cream
• Analgesic cream
• Ointments moistening agents

15
Treatments For Skin Wounds

• Lotions and Salves moistening agents
• Antipyretic agents control temperature
• Antihistamine drugs allergies
• Hydrogen Peroxide anticoagulant
• Isopropyl alcohol drying and sterilizing agent
• Iodine antiseptic and germicide agent
• Dressings protection of the skin
• Gauze, band aide, telfa pad
• Roller bandage, tape

16
Skeletal Muscle Injuries

• Contusion an acute compression causing
  hemorrhage of the muscle tissue
• Strain is an acute stretch, tear, or rip in the
  muscle or tendon caused by an abnormal muscle
  contraction, tension, or stretch
• Grade 1 minimal tearing with tenderness and a
  decrease in strength
• Grade 2 moderate tearing with pain and impaired
  muscle function
• Grade 3 severe tearing with pain and loss of
  muscle function and a palpable deformity

17
Skeletal Muscle Injuries

• Muscle Cramps an acute painful involuntary
  muscle contraction caused by dehydration or an
  electrolyte imbalance.
• Muscle Spasm a reflex reaction caused by acute
  trauma
• Colonic alternating involuntary contractions
• Tonic a rigid muscle contraction that lasts
• a period of time

18
Skeletal Muscle Injuries

• Acute onset muscle soreness
• Delayed onset muscle soreness
• Muscle stiffness (swelling)
• Muscle cramps
• Myositis / Fasciitis
• Tendinitis
• Tenosynovitis
• Myositis ossificans
• Atrophy

19
Synovial Joint Injury Classifications

• Acute Sprain stretching or tearing of the
  stabilizing connective tissues
• Grade 1 minimal pain and loss of function, mild
  point tenderness, little or no swelling, and no
  abnormal motion when tested.
• Grade 2 moderate pain and loss of function,
  swelling, moderate instability
• Grade 3 extremely painful with a major loss of
  function, severe instability tenderness and
  swelling

20
Synovial Joint Injury Classifications

• Acute Synovitis inflammation of the synovial
  membrane.
• Dislocation a complete separation between two
  articulating bones.
• Subluxation an incomplete separation between two
  articulating bones.
• Separation / diastasis an increase in joint
  space between articulating surfaces.

21
Synovial Joint Injury Classifications

• Osteochondrosis degenerative changes in the
  epiphysis or apophysis of bones.
• Osteochondritis dissecans occurs in the knee
• Apophysitis occurs to tendon-bone junctions
• Traumatic arthritis thickness of synovium of a
  joint causing creptitis and grating
• Bursitis
• Capsulitis

22
Skeletal Injury Classification

• Acute Bone Fractures
• Depressed fractures (indent)
• Greenstick fractures
• Impacted fracture (compression)
• Longitudinal fracture (bone splits)
• Oblique fracture (diagonal)
• Serrated fracture (sawtooth sharp edged)
• Spiral fracture
• Transverse fracture (straight line)
• Comminuted fracture (fragments)

23
Skeletal Injury Classification

• Acute Fractures
• Contrecoup fracture (skull)
• Blowout fracture (eye orbit)
• Avulsion fracture (bone chip)
• Stress fracture (from overload)
• Shin
• Metatarsal
• Calcaneus
• Pars interarticularis
• ribs

24
Nerve Trauma Classifications

• Burner (stretched nerve cells)
• Neuritis (inflammation of nerve cells)
• Sciatica (stretch of sciatic nerve)
• Carpal Tunnel (compression of nerve cells)
• Mortons Neuroma (tumor of nerve cells)

25
DEFINITION PURPOSE OF INFLAMMATION

• Definition The reaction of the body tissues to
  an irritant or injury which may be either acute
  or chronic. It is a protective mechanism,
  designed to?
• The purpose of inflammation is to rid the body
  of the irritant and to promote repair and
  healing of the damaged tissues.

26
PURPOSE OF INFLAMMATION

• Is a protective mechanism designed to localize
  the irritant and rid body of the injurious agent
  in preparation for healing
• The major causes of inflammation are
• Trauma ( sprain, strain, contusion, etc.. )
• Chemical agents ( poisons, stings, etc. )
• Thermal extremes of heat or cold (burns)
• Pathogenic organisms ( infections )

27
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION

• The inflammatory response can be either acute or
  chronic, but the local reactions are described as
  the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation
• Typical signs and symptoms include
• Redness
• Heat (local)
• Swelling
• Pain
• Malfunction (loss of motion or use)