T2C All Your Own Work

1
T2C 2 All Your Own Work? Stealing and Academic
Honesty
Tim Beaumont btj_at_unimelb.edu.au Annie
Holdsworth hola_at_unimelb.edu.au Teaching
and Learning Unit Faculty of Economics and
Commerce
(Wikimedia commons, 2006)
2
A story

• Two students worked hard together on their
  essays. They found
• lots of sources, some from the internet, others
  from journals and
• magazines.
• They included lots of tables, facts and figures
  that they had
• found. Indeed in some cases, they included whole
  paragraphs
• that neatly summed up the issue.
• When it was time for the essays to be returned,
  the students
• were asked, sternly, to come and see their
  lecturer.

3
A story

• Why did the lecturer want to see them?
• What were the problems?
• How do you think the university views these
  matters?

4
Outline

• Stealing and Academic Honesty
• What is plagiarism?
• Whats the big deal?
• How do I avoid it?

Oil.Otago n.d.
5
What is plagiarism?

• Plagiarism is the act of representing as one's
  own original work
• the creative works of another, without
  appropriate
• acknowledgment of the author or source
• University of Melbourne, 2008
• 1621, L. plagiarius. kidnapper, seducer,
  plunderer
• Online Etymological Dictionary, 2001

6
What is plagiarism?

• Intentional
• Buying essays
• Not showing where information is from
• Quoting without using quotation marks
• Changing a only few words from a source
• Submitting an assignment produced by or with
  other people and pretending its all your own
  work

7
What is plagiarism?

• Unintentional
• not paraphrasing, summarising or quoting properly
• not showing where the information is from
  properly
• Ignorance or carelessness are not excuses!

8
What if?

• What if
• I make an honest mistake and forget to put in
  quotation marks or the reference?
• I copy a paragraph and make some small changes,
  eg. replace a few words and include a source in
  the reference list?
• I cant remember where I got the information?
• I really want to use information from the
  internet but theres no mention of the author?
• I dont have any ideas Im not an expert. Can I
  just paraphrase experts ideas and provide
  references?

9
Why do students plagiarise?
I havent got time!
I wont get caught!
I have to pass!
My English isnt good enough!
Whats plagiarism?
Wise Wanderings, 2009
10
Consequences

• Failure of assignment
• Failure of subject
• Expulsion from the university
• Degree denied or withheld
• In 2002, the Vice Chancellor of Monash
• University resigned due to an instance of
• plagiarism that occurred thirty years ago!
• See the University of Melbournes
• plagiarism policy
• http//academichonesty.unimelb.edu.au/policy.html

lighthouse 2007
11
Detection

• 1. Knowledge
• Lecturers and Tutors are often familiar with the
  plagiarized
• material.
• 2. Experience
• Lecturers and Tutors can immediately recognize
  the difference
• between a students capabilities and what is
  submitted.
• 3. Turnitin
• This scans
• a data base of previous student papers
• the Internet

Aldis n.d.
12
Academic honesty Whats the point?

• Avoid being accused of plagiarism
• Give credit to others
• Strengthen your arguments
• Show you have researched widely
• Show readers where to find the original
  information
• And

13
Academic honesty Whats the point?

• Plagiarism cheats yourself
• Students who plagiarise lose opportunities to
  gain
• understandings
• research, writing and critical thinking skills
• valuable feedback

14
So

• 1. Know what to reference
• 2. Keep detailed records of sources
• 3. Learn how to use
• Direct quotations
• Paraphrases
• Summaries
• 4. Follow the Harvard and APA systems
• In text citations
• Reference lists

15
Know what to reference

• ALWAYS REFERENCE
• Direct quotations
• Paraphrases
• Summaries
• Tables, figures, graphs or images from other
  sources
• Information from personal communication and
  lectures

16
Know what to reference

• DONT REFERENCE
• Your own ideas, arguments, theories, images,
  diagrams, graphs or results from research
• IN SOME CASES, DONT REFERENCE
• Common knowledge unless it is a direct quote
• IF IN DOUBT, GIVE A REFERENCE!
• Canberra is the capital of Aust (common
  knowledge)
• Canberra was made capital in (is this common
  knowledge?)

17
Keep detailed records

• Books
• Author/editors full names
• name of book ( title of chapter)
• version/edition
• year place of publication
• page numbers used

• Journals
• Author/s full names
• Title of article
• Name of journal
• year of publication
• Volume no.
• Issue number
• page numbers used

• Websites
• Author/editors full names
• Title of page
• Title of homepage
• Full URL
• Date site created
• Date last modified
• Date you accessed

18
Integrating sources 3 ways

• A cited source can appear in your work in 3 ways
• Direct quotation
• In discussing the importance of teaching study
  skills, Jordan (1997)
• comments that study skills are not something
  acquired instinctively
• (p.8).
• Paraphrase
• As students do not obtain study skills
  automatically, it is very important
• to teach these skills (Jordan, 1997).
• Summary
• It is important to teach studies skills to
  students (Jordan, 1997).

19
Direct quotations

• Short quotations (less than 3 lines)
• Use single quotation marks in your text
• Longer quotations
• Indented
• single spaced
• not in quotation marks
• Reference at the beginning or end. Provide the
  page number

Use direct quotations as sparingly concisely as
possible! Whenever possible, present
ideas in your own words.
20
Paraphrases

• An extract from the text re-written by you that
• contains all or the main points of the original
  text
• is around the same length as the original
• includes a citation

21
Whats different?

• Strategy is commonly thought of as a plan, a
  consciously intended
• course of purposeful action. When people talk
  about strategy, they
• often mean the strategic plan that the business
  has written down.
• However, strategy is much more than the strategic
  plan. At best, this is
• just the mechanistic summary of the strategic
  thinking and analysis that
• the organisation has undertaken (Hubbard, 2000,
  p. 12).
• A widespread perception exists that strategy is a
  program of
• meaningful activity. References made to strategy
  are frequently based
• on the concept of strategy as a written strategic
  plan of a company. A
• strategic plan, though, is merely an overview of
  the companys strategic
• thought and study. Strategy is a term which has
  a considerably
• broader meaning.
• WHATS WRONG?

22
Paraphrasing techniques

• Use synonyms
• Use different word forms
• Change sentence structures
• Make ideas concrete
• Change from active to passive voice and vice versa

23
1. Use synonyms

• Synonyms are words that have the same or similar
  meaning.
• Using synonyms is an essential paraphrasing
  technique.
• All other techniques are all inadequate unless
  you use synonyms

24
1. Use synonyms

• Use a good thesaurus or dictionary
• Be aware that not all synonyms have the same
  meaning or are used in the same way
• Avoid selecting words that you are not familiar
  with
• Avoid using synonyms for specialist terms
• (eg. microeconomics, Porters Five Forces,
  aluminium)

25
1. Use synonyms

• This model provides a
• microeconomic theoretic
• rationale. It explains why
• researchers have failed to find
• consistent evidence. They have
• not found the superiority of one
• teaching technique over
• another.These techniques have
• not led to better production of
• learning in economics
• (Becker, 1997, p. 9).

• This framework has a clear basis in
• microeconomic theory. The
• explanation accounts for why
• people working in the area have not
• proven their initial assumption.
• Their assumption was that one
• pedagogical technique has clear
• advantages over the others.
• However, the evidence was not
• conclusive. It did not show that one
• pedagogical style led to a better
• understanding of economics
• (Becker,1997, p. 9).

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2. Use different word forms

• Parts of speech word forms (eg. nouns, verbs,
  adjectives)
• When you change the part of speech, the sentence
  structure will also change

27
2. Use different word forms

• There is an expectation
• that accountants are
• knowledgeable about
• taxation taws.

• Accountants are expected to
• know taxation laws.

28
3. Change the sentence type

• Sentences can be changed by altering such things
  as
• Word order
• The number of clauses in the sentence
• The kind of clauses in the sentence
• Linking words

29
3. Change the sentence type

• The government raised the excise
• On tobacco to deter people from
• smoking.
• Technology can improve the quality
• of life if we plan carefully for the
• future

• To discourage smoking, the excise
• on tobacco was increased.
• Careful forward planning can
• ensure that technology will meet
• our future needs.

30
4. Make ideas concrete

• Try to make abstract or theoretical ideas
  concrete.
• Choose simple, clear vocabulary.
• Dont view your target reader as an expert.

31
4. Make ideas concrete

• Compare
• This model provides a microeconomic theoretic
  rationale for why researchers have failed to find
  consistent evidence of the superiority of one
  teaching technique over another in the production
  of learning in economics. (Becker, 1997, p. 9).
• This accounts for why theorists working in the
  area found the following a student that is
  taught with Method A is no better prepared than
  if he is taught with Method B. The evidence does
  not show that either A or B is better in terms of
  learning outcomes (Becker, 1997, p. 9).

32
5. Active or passive

• Active Voice subject verb
• Passive Voice to be past participle

33
5. Active or passive

• She presented the report.
• ? The report was presented by her.
• McDonalds is implementing a diversification
  strategy.
• ? A diversification strategy is being
  implemented by McDonalds.
• An audit needs to be undertaken.
• ? (Someone) needs to undertake an audit.

34
Summaries

• A short version re-written by you that contains
• the same main points as the original in summary
  form
• a citation

35
Summaries

• A short version re-written by you that contains
• the same main points as the original in summary
  form
• a citation

36
Dont forget!

• When noting, distinguish
• paraphrases or summaries
• direct quotations ( )
• your own ideas

Windsor, 2007
37
Harvard and APA systems

• Within this Faculty, you will mostly use
• The Harvard System
• The APA System
• Both require
• an in-text reference (authors surname, date,
  page no.)
• a reference list containing full references

38
In text citations

• HARVARD or APA SYSTEMS
• Authors surname, year of publication, page
  numbers if available
• In other words, the strategic dimension of the
  soft model, in contrast to the hard model, is
  that control comes through commitment (Purcell,
  1993 p.6).
• As Purcell (1993) suggests, the strategic
  dimension of the soft model, in contrast to the
  hard mode, is that control comes through
  commitment.

39
Reference list

• Full list of references on a separate page in
  alphabetical order.
• References
• Baird, L. and Meshoulam, I. (1988) Managing two
  fits of strategic human
• resource management. Academy of Management
  Review, 13 (1), pp. 116-128.
• Beaumont, P.B. (1992) The US human resource
  management literature a
• review. In Salaman, G. eds, Human Resource
  Strategies. London, Sage.
• Dunham, R. and Smith, F. (1979) Organisational
  Surveys. Glenview, IL, Scott,
• Foresman.
• Purcell, J. (1993) The challenge of human
  resource management for industrial
• relations research and practice. International
  Journal of Human Resource
• Management. 4 (3), pp. 511 527.
• Storey, J. (1996) Developments in the management
  of human resources. Oxford, Blackwell.

40
Reference list

• Full list of references on a separate page in
  alphabetical order.
• References
• Baird, L. and Meshoulam, I. (1988) Managing two
  fits of strategic human
• resource management. Academy of Management
  Review, 13 (1), pp. 116-128.
• Beaumont, P.B. (1992) The US human resource
  management literature a
• review. In Salaman, G. eds, Human Resource
  Strategies. London, Sage.
• Dunham, R. and Smith, F. (1979) Organisational
  Surveys. Glenview, IL, Scott,
• Foresman.
• Purcell, J. (1993) The challenge of human
  resource management for industrial
• relations research and practice. International
  Journal of Human Resource
• Management. 4 (3), pp. 511 527.
• Storey, J. (1996) Developments in the management
  of human resources. Oxford, Blackwell.

41
Reporting verbs 1
42
Reporting verbs 2
43
Critical review language

• Use a range of introductory phrases (aka.
  critical review
• language) to refer to other texts
• These can indicate a critical approach to texts

44
Critical review language

• Stating
• According to Smith...
• From Smiths point of view...
• Some theorists, such as Smith (1989) think
  that...
• It is thought by some theorists, for example,
  Jones (1980) and Smith (1989) that...
• Stating tentatively
• Smiths claim seems to be that...
• Smith seems to be claiming that...
• Smiths argument seems to be that...
• Smiths conclusion seems to be that...

45
Critical review language

• Identifying assumptions
• Smith assumes that...
• Smiths assumption is that...
• The assumption on which this depends is
• The assumption behind this view is
• Making conclusions
• The conclusion of all this is that...
• The result of all this is that...
• An outcome of this is that...
• A consequence of this is that...

46
Critical review language

• Agreeing
• As Smith says...
• Here I am following the work of Smith...
• Following from Smiths point...
• Not unlike Smith (1980), I am suggesting/proposing
  /arguing...
• Disagreeing
• I will argue/shall be arguing against Smiths
  view that...
• Smiths arguments do not seem to work for the
  reason that...
• In contrast to Smiths view/argument/data...
• Problems arise in Smiths work when it is seen
  that...

47
Reference list or bibliography?

• A Reference List
• A list of only the references you have cited in
  the text to produce
• your essay or assignment.
• A Bibliography
• A list of works which are relevant to the topic,
  but not necessarily
• used to produce your essay or assignment
• Which should you use?

48
Reference list
Book single author
Storey, J. (1996) Developments in the
management of human resources. Oxford, Blackwell.
Title of book
Year
Author
City, country published
Publisher
49
Reference list
Journal Article Purcell, J. (1993) The
challenge of human resource management for
industrial relations research and practice.
International Journal of Human Resource
Management. 4 (3), pp. 511 527.
year
author
Full article title
Volume
Issue
Page numbers
Journal article
50
Reference list
Article in internet-only journal
Knapp, S. (1991) Role of reference elements in
the selection of resources by undergraduate.
Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5 (1).
Available from lthttp//jbr.org/articles.htmlgt
Accessed April 1, 2003 Or
Knapp, S. (1991) Role of reference elements in
the selection of resources by undergraduate.
Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5 (1).
Retrieved April 1 2003, from lthttp//jbr.org/artic
les.htmlgt
51
A word of advice

• CHECK with the lecturer for the preferred
  referencing system
• COMPLY with a recognised referencing system eg.
  Harvard, APA, find MODELS and work from them
• BE CONSISTENT within chosen system since you have
  choices within a particular style eg. underline,
  italics, bold, punctuation

52
Some common mistakes

• Overuse of direct quotations
• Inconsistent referencing
• No alphabetical order for reference list
• Incorrect formatting of the reference list
• References cited in-text but not included in the
  reference list
• Ideas or words not cited at all

53
More

• Pick up TLU Helpsheets
• Go to a T2C Workshop
• Book an individual consultation
• See the University of Melbournes Plagiarism
  Policy
• http//academichonesty.unimelb.edu.au/policy.html
• Talk to a Peer Writing Tutor
• http//tlu.ecom.unimelb.edu.au/undergraduate/peer_
  writing.html
• Take the Academic honesty self test
• http//tlu.ecom.unimelb.edu.au/AcademicHonestyTest
  /index.cfm/

54
Questions?
55
References

• Aldis (2009). Turnitin Logo, Accessed March 6
  2009, from http//www.enquiry_at_aldis.com.au
• Lighthouse, P. J. (2009). Simpsons Image Accessed
  March 6, 2009, http//www.pjlighthouse.com
• Online Etymological Dictionary (2001),
  Plagiarism. Accessed March 8 from
  http//www.etymonline.com/index.php?termplagiaris
  m
• Otago Oil (2009). Plagiarism image, Accessed
  March 6 2009, http//www.oil.otago.ac.nz
• University of Melbourne (2008), Academic Honesty
  and Plagiarism, accessed March 6, 2009 from
  http//academichonesty.unimelb.edu.au/plagiarism.h
  tml
• Wikimedia Commons, (2009). Daniel Webster
  stealing Henry Clay's thunder - cartoon - Project
  Gutenberg eText 16960.jpg Accessed March 6 2009
  from, http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileDanie
  l_Webster_stealing_Henry_Clay's_thunder_-_cartoon_
  -_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16960.jpg
• Windsor, B (2009). Elephant image. Accessed March
  6 2009 from http//www.brentwindsor.co.uk/draw_car
  toon_elephant.php
• WiseWanderings (2009) Worried student image.
  Accessed March 5, 2009 from http//wisewanderings.
  com/