Challenges of Waste Disposal and Management

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Challenges of Waste Disposal and Management

• Environment Support Group
• 105,East End B Main
• 9th Block Jayanagar Bangalore -69
• Tel[phone]
• Email esg_at_esgindia.org
• Website www.esgindia.org

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OIL WASTE
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BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
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Waste pickers segregating Bio-medical waste
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Foundry waste
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Dyes and Pigment residues from textile industry
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PCB Waste
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Waste Management in Bangalore and its relation to
Public Health

• Bangalore 5th Largest city in India and one of
  the fast growing cities of the world
• Expansion of IT sector and Industrial base
• Rapid Social and Cultural Transformations
• Liberalization forces have changed the Consumer
  goods in the market
• Increase in consumerism has increased in
  generation of Solid waste

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Composition of urban solid waste in select cities
Includes bones, stones and woody matter.
Source Planning commission on "Urban Solid
waste Management in India", GOI (1995)
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Legal Provisions

• National Legislations
• Supreme court order in the public interest
  litigations in 1996 of the Dr. B.L. Vadehra vs
  Union of India and the Almitra Patel vs Union of
  India cases. The two cases sought better solid
  waste management.
• Enactment of the Municipal Solid Waste Rules in
  1999- requires municipal solid waste to be
  scientifically handled and disposed off.
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• Water Act
• Air Act
• Aircraft Act
• Regional Legislations
• Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act 1976
• Town and Country planning Act , 1961
• Bangalore Development Authority Act 1976

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International Agreements

• Basel Convention Is a global convention intended
  to minimize and control international trade in
  Hazardous waste. It places on exporting and
  importing countries a shared responsibility for
  environmentally sound management and disposal of
  such wastes. It also recognizes that any state
  has the Sovereign right to ban the entry or
  disposal of foreign hazardous wastes and other
  wastes in its territory.
• Rio declarations
• Principle10 of the Rio Declaration states that
  environmental issues are best handled with the
  participation of all concerned citizens, at the
  relevant level. Each individual should have
  access to information concerning the environment
  and the opportunity to participate in
  decision-making processes.  
• Chapter 21 of Agenda 21, affirms that
  environmentally sound waste management practices
  are important for achieving environmentally sound
  and sustainable development in the world. It has
  identified the development of environmentally
  sound waste management practices as an important
  programme area of action in member countries 

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50 Years of waste generation in India
Source Central Pollution Control Board
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Source Bangalore Water Supply and Environmental
Sanitation Masterplan Project Strategic Action
Report Solid waste- Feb 2002 - Ausaid
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The management of municipal solid waste in
Bangalore today.
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Construction
Trucks
PKs
Trucks
Trucks
Raddiwallahs and Ragpickers
Trucks
Un segregated waste
BMP
A small of the waste reaches the composting
unit through BMP and private entrepreneurs
Illegal improper disposal site
Recycling Unit
Segregation
Recyclables
Composting / Vermi-Composting Unit (KCDC, Private
entrepreneurs, Resident Associations)
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Proposed management of Municipal Solid Waste

• The livelihood of a large number of rag pickers
  is at stake (These are mostly women and homeless
  children)

• Segregation at Source
• Residential
• Commercial
• Institutional
• Construction

PKs
PKs Raddiwallahs
PKs
Biodegradable
Recyclables
Hazardous
Composting / Vermi-composting
Bioreactor
Treatment
Recovery and Reuse
Manure
Biogas/Manure
Refuse
Disposal at regulated landfills
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Types of waste
Organic waste
Industrial waste
Household Hazardous waste
Recyclable Household waste
E waste
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Who is responsible?

• Health Department with the Engineering Department
  of the BBMP Manages the Solid Waste Management
• Privatization of Solid Waste Management (70)

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Current Process

• Door to door collection Wheel cart- Collection
  centres (Street Corners) Trucks- Illegal land
  fills (farming lands, roadsides, Outskirts of
  city)
• No Scientific Sanitary Landfills
• Only 15 of waste ( markets) reach Composting
  unit (Karnataka compost development Corporation)

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Growing consumption of plastics Changing
lifestyles?

• In India, plastic consumption "triples every
  decade and the annual consumption today is about
  4 million tones with a per capita consumption of
  about 8.5 kg. - A report prepared by the NGO,
  Concern for Calcutta in 2003
• Not only is plastic made from a non-renewable
  resource, but it is generally non-biodegradable
  (or the biodegradation process is extremely slow
  and toxic).
• This means that plastic litter is often the most
  objectionable kind of litter and will be visible
  for weeks or months, and waste will sit in
  landfill sites for decades without degrading.

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POURAKARMIKAS- Municipal Solid Waste Workers
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Work, Living Conditions and survival of
Pourakarmikas  

• Work ethics
• Pourakarmikas are hardworking but their
  contribution is not valued.
• Pourakarmikas are denied even the most basic work
  facilities.
• Societal caste and class prejudices continue to
  marginalize them.
•     

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Exploitation of Pourakarmikas

•   Even in large cities Pourakarmikas have no
  transport to work.
• Pourakarmikas in Bangalore are ruled absent if
  they are late by 10 minutes.

• Supervisors exploit Pourakarmikas in exchange
  for attendance.
• Pourakarmikas are generally overworked.
• Pourakarmikas have to deal with harsh and
  difficult work conditions.

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Ineffective and Inappropriate Work aids

•  
• Pourakarmikas are given very few implements and
  replacement at times is at their own cost.
• Cloth material for two pairs of uniform and a
  pair of chappals per year is all the protective
  measures given.
• Pourakarmikas lack even storage space for their
  implements.
• There are no washrooms and toilets.

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Occupational Health Impacts

• High instance of skin allergies.
• Musculo-skeletal, gastrointestinal,
  cardiovascular diseases and respiratory tract
  diseases very high.
• Anaemia common among women.
• Exposed to a high degree of traumatic
  experiences.
• Psychosomatic syndromes are common.
• Many have taken to alcohol and tobacco
  consumption.
• No studies on occupational health impacts of
  Pourakarmikas.

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The condition of workers under Private contract

• No guarantee of employment.
• Thoroughly exploited by the Contractors.
• Male workers are generally paid Rs. 900/month and
  women Rs. 800/month. Their actual wages are about
  Rs. 2200/month.
• Mode of payment is irregular.
• No weekly holidays and other leave facilities.
• Harassment and exploitation severe in case of
  women.
• Women lack maternity benefits.
• No crèche facilities provided.
• Drinking water and other normal work facilities
  not provided.

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The Pourakarmika Homes and way of life

• Most workers live in slums
• Access to potable water and sanitation generally
  lacking.
• Children go to local government schools but
  generally drop out early.
• Medical expense consumes a significant portion of
  their income.
• Their social life is prone to alcoholism and
  violence.

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Composting The Eco friendly way to disposal of
organic waste!
Community Approaches

• What is composting?
• A natural and safe method of taking care of
  organic waste
• Involves the process of decomposition of the
  organic waste to form a soil like substance
  called compost.
• Why compost?
• Rich in nutrients, essential for plant life
• Helps sandy soils retain moisture and add
  nutrients
• Loosens tight, heavy clay soils
• Can be mixed with soil for potted plants
• Can be used as mulch
• What can be composted?
• Kitchen wastes - peels, rotten vegetables, etc
• Garden wastes - dead leaves, fallen fruits
• What is Vermi-composting?
• Degradation of organic matter by microbes and
  consumption of organic material by earthworms.
• Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus are
  two species of earthworms commonly used.
• Can be practiced in individual houses, colonies,
  wards, etc.

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Final Disposal by Landfills
City Approaches

• Often mistakenly used by municipalities to refer
  open dumping
• Is the method of disposing solid wastes on land
  without nuisances or hazards to the environment
  or public health using established environmental
  engineering principles and daily monitoring.
• Should be used only as the last step in the
  waste-processing chain.
• Is restricted to non-biodegradable, inert and
  other waste that are not suitable either for
  recycling or biological processing.
• Risk of contamination of ground water aquifers
  due to leachate from landfills is high. Also
  causes odour nuisance.

Segregation in process at a landfill at KCDC
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Community Approaches- Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

• Reduce
• Involves consuming less throwing away very
  little
• It prevents generation of waste
• Saves natural resources energy
• Reduces pollution risks
• Is closely tied to reuse.

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Reuse

• Reuse
• Prolongs the life of an item prior to recycling
  or discarding it.
• Less expensive than disposal methods
• Certain types of biomedical, hazardous,
  industrial and household wastes can be reused.
• In India, poverty ensures that every bit of a
  resource is reused there is a ready market for
  such goods.

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Recycling

• Collection, separation, and processing, of solid
  waste for use in the manufacture of new
  products.
• Waste-picking is driven by unemployment and
  poverty. Recycling thus supports livelihoods by
  the thousands
• Average earning of a waste picker can be about
  Rs. 50 per day. (Economic and Political Weekly,
  Dec 2003)
• Simple way of reducing waste disposal costs.
• Plastics should be recycled strictly in
  accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standards
  specification.
• Indians generally recycle most things.
  Recycling in India is a profitable industry .

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State Legislations

• Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act ,1976
  requires municipalities to remove filth and
  rubbish, provide for dustbins, undertake daily
  cleaning of streets, maintain a proper
  establishment for undertaking such activities.
  Commissioner has powers to order composting and
  also removal of filth from private holdings. In
  consultation with Metropolitan/District Planning
  Committee, municipalities should develop a
  Development plan that provides, amongst other
  things, for overall environmental conservation
• Town and Country planning Act ,1961 requires all
  urban areas to be developed as per sanctioned
  land use plan. This plan should provide for
  local spaces for composting and waste processing,
  and city level landfill sites.
• Bangalore Development Authority Act ,1976
  requires that all urban area developments must
  set aside a total of 25 of the land area for
  public use and civic amenities. The citys land
  use plan must provide for landfills and other
  infrastructure for solid waste management.

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National legislations

• Environment Protection Act (EPA). An umbrella
  legislation which vests the Central government
  with powers to take all measures necessary for
  the purpose of protecting and improving the
  quality of the environment. Provides agencies
  power under criminal jurisprudence to enforce
  laws and standards prescribed.
• The Municipal Solid waste (Management Handling)
  Rules 2000. Enacted under the Environment
  Protection Act as a result of a Public Interest
  Litigation and subsequent Supreme Court appointed
  study of the state of solid waste management in
  the country, this law is applicable to all Class
  I cities (i.e. with a population over 1 lakh).
  It requires time bound action in developing
  comprehensive solid waste management services and
  infrastructure
• Bio-medical waste (Management Handling) rules
  1998.Enacted under the Environment Protection
  Act, this law is applicable to all clinics,
  hospitals, medical and clinical laboratories,
  blood banks, etc. Waste is classified in ten
  categories and removed for processing and
  disposal in four types. All stages of this waste
  have to be handled in the prescribed manner.