The Effects Of Pseudoephedrine On The Heart Rate Of The 120 Hour Chick Embryo

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• The Effects Of Pseudoephedrine On The Heart Rate
  Of The 120 Hour Chick Embryo
• The Pennsylvania State University
• Berks-Lehigh Valley College
• John Boutros
• Hosam Kamhia
• Dr. Jacqueline McLaughlin 

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The Effects of Pseudoephedrine

• Pseudoephedrine solutions were obtained by a
  serial dilution of Nyquil liquid.
• Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine which
  provides temporary relief of nasal and sinus
  congestion.
• Irregular or fast heartbeats may occur along with
  vasoconstriction of blood vessels, worsen pH,
  increase in blood pressure, palpitations of the
  heart and irregular heart rhythms

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The Effects of Pseudoephedrine (cont.)

• The chemical structure of Pseudoephedrine is
  similar to that of the psychostimulant
  amphetimine, both are classified as
  sympathiomimetic drugs.
• Sympathiomimetic drugs produce physiological
  effects resembling those caused by the activity
  or stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
• Palpitations
• Tachycardia
• Increased Blood Pressure

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The Effects of Pseudoephedrine (cont.)

• Pseudoephedrine directly affects the CNS by
  inhibiting the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter,
  dopamine. This causes increased stimulation of
  the pleasure pathways in the Limbic System.
  This may lead to addiction.

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Purpose

• Our purpose is to apply different concentrations
  of Psuedoephedrine to an explanted in-vitro chick
  embryo, and an increased heart rate will be noted.

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Methods

• Prepare serial dilutions of Nyquil
  (Pseudoephedrine) in chicks saline.
• 0.0005
• 0.005
• 0.05
• Obtain a 120-hour chick embryo and place into
  glass dish lined with cotton.

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Methods

• Place Scotch tape along axis on the top of
  the egg.
• Puncture small hole with needle in top of
  the egg, withdraw 1-2 ml of albumen. Proceed to
  cut an oval opening (Window Technique, Cruz
  1993).

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Methods

• Record the in-vivo heart rate for 5 times.
• Explant the chick embryo by placing a paper
  doughnut over the embryo and cut surrounding
  membranes. Then transfer the embryo to the glass
  dish filled with the warm chick saline (Explant
  Technique after Cruz 1993).

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Methods

• Record the in-vitro heart rate for 5 times.
• Place the 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005 Pseudoephedrine
  concentrations in separate glass dishes.
• Place the in-vitro heart into each different
  glass dishes containing the Pseudoephedrine
  concentrations.
• Record heart rate 5 times for each
  concentration.

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Graphical Analysis
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Graphical Analysis for Embryo 1
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Graphical Analysis for Embryo 2
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Graphical Analysis for Embryo 3
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Graphical Analysis for Embryo 4
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Graphical Analysis for Embryo 5
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Data Interpretation

• Overall the embryonic heart rate increased by
  applying various concentrations of
  Pseudoephedrine. Double beating, fibrillation,
  tachycardia, and ultimately cardiac arrest had
  occurred.

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Conclusion

• Our hypothesis was supported. The greatest effect
  on the chick embryo heart was the 0.05
  concentration of pseudoephedrine. Double beating,
  fibrillation, tachycardia, and ultimately cardiac
  arrest had occurred.

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Refrences

• McCain, E.R. and McLaughlin J.S. Developmental
  and Physiological Aspects of the Chicken
  Embryonic Heart. 1999. http//www.lv.psu.edu/jxm5
  7/chicklab/
• WebMD Health. Drugs and Herbs.
  http//my.webmd.com/content/drugs/1/4046_1256?
  (02/19/2003)
• Cruz, Y.P. 1993.Laboratory Exercises In
  Development Biology. Academic Press, San Diego,
  California, page 241. INSB 0-12-198390-0book
• CAFDIS-http//www.cafdis-antidoping.net/en/article
  .asp?articleid337
• 2003.