Weight Management

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Weight Management

• B.W. Findley, M.Ed.
• Health Concepts and Strategies

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Body Composition
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Energy Balance
Intake of calories through food
Expenditure of calories through exercise
Change in consumption results in loss or gain.
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Obesity

• Excess storage fat, 20 or more above desirable
  weight
• Associated with diabetes, unhealthy cholesterol
  levels, impaired heart function, hypertension,
  cancer, other disorders
• Can impair psychological health (depression, body
  dissatisfaction, eating disorders)
• Genetic factors may influence the development of
  obesity

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Low Levels of Body Fat

• Can cause muscle wasting, fatigue
• Loss of bone mass
• Amenorrhea

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Body Image

• Perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes,
  emotions
• Negative body image is characterized by
  dissatisfaction with body or body part(s)
• Dissatisfaction can cause psychological distress
  and/or eating disorders

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Archimedes Principle

Archimedes made extensive contributions to
theoretical mathematics. In addition, he is well
known for applying science to everyday life. For
instance, Archimedes discovered the principle of
water displacement while taking a bath.
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Body Fat Assessment
Hydrostatic weighing
Skinfold calipers
Infrared laser
Height/weight tables
Electrical impedance
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Body Fat Assessment
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Factors Contributing to Weight Problems

• Largest component of metabolism
• Energy required to maintain vital body functions
  while at rest
• Accounts for 55 - 75 of daily energy expenditure

RMR

• Resting Metabolic Rate

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Factors Contributing to Weight Problems (cont)

• Heredity/behavior
• RMR - burns more calories at rest
• Weight loss - RMR
• Exercise - RMR

RMR

• Resting Metabolic Rate (cont)

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Factors Contributing to Weight Problems

• Psychological
• Social
• Cultural

• Eating may be used as a distraction from
  difficult emotions, combat low moods, low energy
  levels, self-esteem
• Obesity is strongly linked to socioeconomic
  status
• Food can be a symbol of love, celebration,
  cultural values

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Successful Weight Management

• Diet/eating habits
• Physical activity
• Thinking and emotions
• Adequate coping strategies

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Approaches to Overcoming a Weight Problem

• Self-help
• Diet books
• Supplements/fasting
• Non-prescription diet aides
• Lifestyle modification programs
• Prescription drugs

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Weight Loss Advertisements

• What is the purpose of the ad?
• Who is the target audience?
• How does the ad portray the product or program?
• What techniques are used to encourage purchase?
• In your estimation, what is the safety of this
  product or program?
• Would you buy the product or join the program?

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Selecting Weight Loss Programs

• 20-40 Overweight - behavioral programs
• 40-100 Overweight - counseling
• 100 Overweight - medical supervision

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Eating Disorders

• Problems associated with food and eating
• Often associated with adolescent girls and young
  women who are dissatisfied with body image or
  body weight
• Associated with increased illness and increase
  risk of premature death

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Eating Disorders (cont)

• More common in

• developed countries than in developing ones
• women than men
• whites and Latins than nonwhites
• middle and upper-middle socioeconomic classes

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Eating Disorders (cont)

• Distorted thinking - perfectionist beliefs,
  unreasonable demands for self-control, excessive
  self-criticism
• Dysfunctional eating attitudes
• Personality traits - sensitivity, putting others
  needs first, difficulty in expressing and dealing
  with emotions
• Obsession with weight / addiction to abnormal
  eating behavior

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Eating Disorders (cont)
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Anorexia Nervosa

• Failure to eat enough food to maintain a
  reasonable body weight
• Fear gaining weight or becoming fat
• May engage in compulsive behavior or rituals to
  help keep them from eating
• May used prolonged physical activity
• Often introverted , emotionally reserved,
  socially insecure

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Anorexia Nervosa (cont)

• 18 Death Rate -Cardiovascular, GI, endocrine
  disorders (heart failure due to electrolyte
  imbalance)
• When BF is depleted, the body turns to muscles
  and organs for protein
• Severe depression leading to suicide is also a
  risk

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Bulimia Nervosa

• Binge/purge
• After binge - ashamed, disgusted, physically
  /emotionally drained
• Times of major life change may be catalyst
• Depression, excessive preoccupation with
  food/body image, disturbances in cognitive
  functioning

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Bulimia Nervosa (cont)

• Binge/purge cycle puts tremendous stress on body

• Tooth enamel is eroded
• Liver/kidney damage
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Chronic hoarseness
• Damage to esophagus

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Binge-eating disorder

• Similar to bulimia - without purging behavior
• Eating patterns - rapidly, uncomfortably full,
  alone, not hungry
• Coping with difficult emotions,
• solace, entertainment
• Likely to be obese
• May have higher rates of
• anxiety/depression

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Treatment of Eating Disorders

• Anorexia 1. Restore adequate body weight
• 2. Then address psychological
  aspects
• Bulimia/ 1. Stabilize eating patterns
• Binge eating 2. Changing thinking patterns
• Treatment of eating disorders must address both
  eating behaviors and misuse of food to manage
  emotions.

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Healthy People 2010

• Increase to at least 30 the proportion of people
  age 6 and over who engage in regular, preferably
  daily, in light-to-moderate physical activity for
  at least 30 minutes/day (Baseline 22, 1985)
• Reduce overweight to a prevalence of no more than
  20 among people age 20 and over (Baseline 26,
  1976)