The Brain

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The Brain
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Introduction

• Seat of awareness
• Place where learning, memory, and emotions are
  centered
• Decisions are made
• Sense of right and wrong
• Product of millions of years of evolution
• As new structures were added, older structures
  were retained
• 3 layers of evolution
• The Central Core
• Limbic System
• Cerebral Hemesphere

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Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vg6KpIrKCDwgfeature
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I. The Central Core
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A. Hindbrain

• Hindbrain At the point where the spinal cord
  enters the skull.
• Earliest part of the brain to evolve

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Hindbrain

• 1. Medula Part of the hindbrain nearest to the
  spinal cord
• Medula controls heart rate, blood pressure, and
  breathing
• Medula is the point at which many of the nerves
  from the body cross over on their way to and from
  hight brain centers

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• 2. Pons produces chemicals that help maintain
  our sleep-wake cycle
• 3. Cerebellum little brain responsible for
  our sense of balance and for coordinating the
  bodys actions to ensure that movements go
  together in efficient sequences.
• Damage to the cerebellum causes severe problems
  in movement, such as jerky motions and stumbling
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/preview/w_3317_220.ht
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Basal Ganglia
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B. Midbrain
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• 1. Midbrain Above the cerebellum the brain stem
  widens to form the midbrain.
• Hearing, sight and one of several places in the
  brain where pain is registered

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C. Forebrain

• 1. Thalamus Relay Station All sensory
  information from the lower parts of the central
  nervous system passes through the thalamus to
  higher brain centers.
• Integrates and shapes incoming signals

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Thalamus
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Hypothalamus

• 2. Hypothalamus directly below the thalamus is
  the smaller hypothalamus, which exerts an
  enormous influence on many kinds of motivation.
• Governs hunger, thirst sexual drive and body
  temperature
• And directly involved in emotional behavior such
  as rage, terror, and pleasure.

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Hypothalamus
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• 3. Reticular Formation A netlike system of
  neurons that weaves through all of these
  structures.
• Its main job seems to be to send Alert! signals
  to the higher parts of the brain in response to
  incoming messages.
• During sleep the RF is turned down.
• Anesthetics works largely by temporarily shutting
  this system off
• Permanent damage results in a coma

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Reticular Formation
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II. Limbic System

• A. Forebrain
• 1. Limbic System a ring of loosely connected
  structure located between the central core and
  the cerebral hemisphere.
• 2. More recent the central core and fully
  developed in mammals
• 3. Primitive limbic system primitive behavioral
  repertoire
• 4. Feeding, mating, attacking are fixed
• 5. Limbic System suppresses instinctive behavior
  in humans

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Limbic System
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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlZ4mdXAtnEsfeature
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2 Structures of the Limbic System

• Hippocampus Plays an essential role in forming
  new memories
• People with damage in this area can remember
  names, faces, and events that they embedded in
  memory before they were injured , but cannot
  remember anything new. http//www.youtube.com/watc
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• Amygdala Governs emotions related to self
  preservation
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v6GdALwuYtG8
• 35 larger in females
• 4 Fs
• Feeding
• Fighting
• Fleeing
• Sex

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III. The Cerebral Cortex

• Ballooning out over and around the central core
  and the limbic system is the cerebrum.
• 1. Cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and
  covered by a thin layer of gray matter called the
  cerebral cortex
• 2. Cerebral Cortex is that part of the that
  processes thought, vision, language, memory and
  emotions
• Takes up most of the room in the brain

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• Cerebral Cortex 80 of the weight of the human
  brain
• 70 of the neurons in the central nervous system
• Most recently evolved if the nervous system
• Convolutions intricate pattern of folds, hills
  and valleys. As unique as a finger print

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Landmarks

• 3. Deep Cleft front to back divides the brain
  into two hemispheres
• 4. Central Fissures Ear to ear separates the
  Primary Somatosensory Cortex from the Primary
  Motor Cortex
• 5. Primary Somatosensory Cortex receives
  sensory messages from the entire body
• 6. Primary Motor Cortex Sends messages from the
  brain to various muscles and glands in the body

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• 7. Association Areas Areas of the cerebral
  cortex where incoming messages from the separate
  senses are combined into meaningful impressions
  and outgoing messages from the motor areas are
  integrated

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Central Fisssure
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Deep Cleft
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4 Lobes
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Occipital Lobe

• 8. Occipital Lobe Part of the cerebral
  hemisphere that receives and interprets visual
  information
• Damage can lead to blindness

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Primary Visual Cortex
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Temporal Lobe

• 9. Temporal Lobe Part of the cerebral
  hemisphere that helps regulate hearing, balance,
  and equilibrium, and certain emotions.
• Recognizing Faces
• Receives and processes information from the ears
• Balance and equilibrium
• Regulates and emotions and motivations such aas
  anxiety, pleasure, and anger
• Understand and comprehend language (Wernickes
  Area)

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Auditory Cortex and Wernickes Area
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Parietal Lobe

• 10. Parietal Lobe Part of the cerebral cortex
  that receives and sensory information from
  throughout the body.
• Sits on top of the temporal and occipital lobes
• Occupies the back half of the brain
• Receives sensory information from all over the
  body from sense receptors in the skin, muscles,
  joints, internal organs, and taste buds
• 11. Primary Somatosensory Cortex Area of the
  parietal lobe where messages from the sense
  receptors are registered.

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Frontal Cortex

• 12. Frontal Cortex Part of the cerebral cortex
  that is responsible voluntary movement it is
  also important for attention, goal-directed
  behavior, and appropriate emotional experience.
• Located just behind the forehead
• Accounts for half of the human brain
• Receives and coordinates messages from the other
  3 lobes of the brain

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• Keeps track of previous and future movements of
  the body
• Monitors and integrates complex tasks that are
  going on in the rest of the brain
• Executive Control Center
• 13. Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Just behind the
  eyebrows involved in problem solving tasks
• 14. Primary Motor Cortex Voluntary action,
  behavior associated with personality, motivation,
  persistence, and affect (emotional responses),
  even character (social and moral judgment)
• 15. Brocas Area- Process language and speech
  give us our ability to speak
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?viuPeOKeCxu8feature
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Phineas Gage
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• On September 13th, 1848 a man experienced a head
  trauma that enabled medicine to witness a
  historical correlation between behavior and the
  frontal part of the brain. Phineas Gage had a
  three foot iron rod pierce his skull during an
  explosion on a railroad job. The iron rod went
  clear through his skull and landed around
  twenty-five yards away. Phineas survived. Before
  the accident he was one of the most even minded
  and capable workers. After he healed he could not
  get his job back because he had become impatient,
  moody, and even profane. A computer generated
  graphic of what happened to his skull is pictured
  to the right.
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