SouthEast Diesel Collaborative Clean Diesel Initiatives

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SouthEast Diesel CollaborativeClean Diesel
Initiatives
Kirk Gavaghan 27-Jun-07
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EPA Emissions Requirements

• Technical Solution to meet EPA07 emissions
  standard
• Optimized EGR to meet NOx emissions levels
• Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) aftertreatment
  system to meet PM emission levels

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Several Key Vehicle Technologies are being
introduced!
New Exhaust Systems
New Cooling Packages
Modified Front Frames
Aftertreatment Devices
Various Engine Upgrades
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2007 Series 60 Engine Changes
Right Side View
Cold Pipe
VG Turbo
Fan Bracket/ Radiator Mount
Increased Flow Water Pump
HC Doser
Higher-Capacity EGR Cooler
Front Engine/Radiator Mounting
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2007 Series 60 Engine Changes
Left Side View
New Intake Manifold and EGR Mixer
EGR Valve With Electric Actuator
HC Doser Controls
Intake Throttle Valve
MCM
All new electronics and software
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DDEC VI Engine Electronics

• Receives input from temperature and pressure
  sensors on the Aftertreatment Device (ATD)
• Controls the intake throttle valve to raise
  exhaust temperatures as required
• Controls the doser to periodically add a small
  amount of fuel into the exhaust system to raise
  exhaust temperatures there by providing active
  regeneration

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Aftertreatment System (ATS)

• Aftertreatment Device (ATD)
• Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
• Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
• Doser
• Intake throttle
• DDEC VI controls

Intake Throttle Valve
Doser
Aftertreatment Device (ATD)
T
T
T
P
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
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Doser System

• The doser system is used to inject a small amount
  of diesel fuel into the exhaust stream
• Temperature is increased as the fuel passes
  through the oxidationcatalyst exhaust to burn
  off soot in the DPF
• The system is controlled by DDEC VI and has two
  primary components
• Doser block controls fuel flow based on input
  from DDEC VI
• Doser valve injects a fine mist of fuel into
  exhaust steam which evaporates prior to reaching
  the filter

Fuel pressure regulator
Doser block assembly
Doser coolant return line
Doser fuel line
Doser valve
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Particulate Matter (PM) Filtration

• Engine exhaust passes through the porous walls
  of the particulate filter where soot is trapped
• Accumulated soot is periodically regenerated or
  burnt-off
• Ash is a residual non-combustible material
  (created by small amounts of lube oil in the
  exhaust) which remains in the filter cells that
  must periodically be removed

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Aftertreatment Device Components
Coated Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
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Aftertreatment Regeneration Animation
Thermal Management Goal is to have only transient
regeneration utilized to eliminate PM (soot)
accumulation in almost all segment
applications...
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EPA 2010 Requirements

• Regulatory
• 83 reduction in NOx compared to EPA 07
• From 1.20 to 0.20 g/hp-hr
• OBD requirements
• NTE enforced through in-use emissions test run
  by manufacturer
• Customer
• Fuel economy, performance, heat rejection,
  durability / reliability and cost comparable or
  better relative to EPA 07
• Other
• Minimize unregulated emissions
• e.g. Vanadium, NH3, N2O

Diesel Particulate Filter for EPA 2007
-90
Increased EGR Dual Actuator Fuel System Optimized
Combustion
-83
Optimized Combustion NOx Aftertreatment
OBD On-board Diagnostics NTE
Not-to-Exceed
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Urea-SCR Remains the Lead NOx Aftertreatment
Technology for 2010 Heavy-Duty

• Mature Technology
• Durability and Reliability for End-Customer
• Fuel Economy
• Material Cost
• Impact on Vehicle Cooling System
• Requires Secondary Fluid
• Urea Infrastructure Required
• Compliance / Anti-Tampering Measures Required
• Progress is being made on both the infrastructure
  and the compliance issue, in collaboration with
  other engine and vehicle OEMs, the EPA and the
  Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA)
• Certification Procedure Guidance Document Issued
  March, 2007

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Low Emissions Combustion, DPF and Urea SCR
Integrated on a Vehicle Test-bed
Example System Integration Installation for Long
Sleeper Cabs
2010 Technology Vehicle at the DEER 2006 Vehicle
Display
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Freightliner, Sterling Western Star Brands,
DDC Distributors TA Service Point Locations
Urea Infrastructure (Through DC Network)
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Biodiesel Position Statement

• Detroit Diesel supports the development of
  alternative and renewable fuels because
• It helps to reduce Americas dependence on
  foreign oil
• It helps to reduce environmental contaminant
  concerns
• Lifecycle reduction in carbon dioxide
• Reduction in particulate matter
• Reduction in carbon monoxide
• Reduction in volatile organic compounds
• Reduction in sulfur dioxide
• It supports local economies

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Biodiesel Position Statement, Cont

• Excerpt from 7SE270 Publication, Lubricating
  Oil, Fuel and Filters
• 5.1.3 BIODIESEL FUELS
• Biodiesel fuels are alkyl esters of long chain
  fatty acids derived from renewable resources.
  Detroit Diesel highly recommends biodiesel fuels
  made from soybean or rapeseed oil through the
  proper transesterification reaction process.
  Other feedstock source of biodiesel fuels such as
  animal fat and used cooking oils are not
  recommended by Detroit Diesel. Biodiesel fuels
  meeting ASTM D 6751 specification and from a
  BQ-9000 accredited producer, prior to blending
  can be mixed up to 5 maximum by volume in
  petroleum diesel fuel. The resulting mixture must
  meet the fuel properties listed in Table 5-1 and
  ASTM D 975 specification. Failures attributed to
  the use of biodiesel fuel will not be covered by
  Detroit Diesel product warranty. Also, any engine
  performance problem related to the use of
  biodiesel fuel would not be recognized nor
  considered Detroit Diesel's responsibility.

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Biodiesel Specifications

• Inconsistent quality across the nation is a
  significant concern
• Promote the use of BQ-9000 or similar programs
  intended to provide consistent product
• Greater enforcement of standards nationwide
• B5 and B20 Specifications
• DD supports the inclusion of B5 into ASTM D 975
• Collaborate with biodiesel community, FIE and
  fuel filter manufacturers to develop needed
  specifications
• Industry Specification for Final B20 Blend
• Support B20 EMA test specification
• Develop stand alone ASTM B20 specification
• ASTM D 6751 for biodiesel (B100) is nearly
  complete but lacks
• Density
• Cold soak filtration requirement
• Desirable to harmonize ASTM D 6751 and EN14214
  European spec for B100 and blends for all testing
  parameters

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Testing Plans with B20 In 2007 Engines

• Detroit Diesel continues to actively investigate
  the impact of B20 on current 2007 hardware
  including
• Overall engine durability
• High pressure fuel injection systems
• Aftertreatment devices
• Seal compatibility with ULSD blends
• Performance and emissions evaluation
• Testing is focused on the MBE900 medium duty
  engine
• B20 is popular in bus fleet applications
• All DD engines are being evaluated with B20 blends

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Biodiesel Effect and Concerns On 2007 Engines

• Engine Emissions
• Engines are certified with petroleum ULSD Fuel
• Potential NOx effect must be resolved
• EPA willingness to support biodiesel
• Concerns about recommendations without sufficient
  data on emissions effect
• Long-term field experience
• Engine seal compatibility with the reduction of
  aromatics in the ULSD fuel and biodiesel
• DPF contamination and regeneration process
• Fuel system performance risk (deposits,
  corrosion, oxidation stability)
• Potential decrease in oil drain interval
• Sludge formation, viscosity increase/decrease,
  TBN depletion
• Reduced cold flow properties
• Fuel filter plugging
• B20 solvency effect
• Microbial and water contaminations
• Oxidation and storage stability

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THANK YOU!