BIODIVERSITY I BIOL 1051 What are Archaea

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BIODIVERSITY IBIOL 1051What are Archaea?

• Professor Marc C Lavoie
• mlavoie_at_uwichill.edu.bb

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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.

• Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• Cytoplasmic membrane,
• 70S ribosomes,
• 16S r-RNA.
• Cell wall without peptidoglycan
• histones-like proteins associated with the DNA.
• No true nucleus (nucleoid in the cytoplasm)
• No organelles.

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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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2. Archaea are unicellular.

• As Bacteria, Archaea are unicellular.

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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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1.3 Archaea are microscopic.
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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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4. Archaeal forms
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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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5. Archaeal structures
1. Cytoplasmic Membrane
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5. Archaeal structures membrane composition
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5. Archaeal structures
2. Cell Wall

• Variable cell wall composition (some do not
  contain cell walls, e.g.. Thermoplasma)
• Methanobacterium sp. glycans (sugars) peptides
  
• Methanosarcina sp. non-sulfated polysaccharides
• Halococcus sp. sulfated polysaccharides
• Halobacterium sp.
• negatively charged acidic amino acids
• counteract charges of high Na in environment.
• Cells lyses in NaCl concentrations lt 15.
• Methanomicrobium sp. Methanococcus sp.
  exclusively made up of protein subunits.

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5. Archaeal structures
3. Chromosome, ribosomes, RNA-Polymerase
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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolism diversity
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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8. Bacterial metabolism diversity
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6. Archaeal metabolism diversity

• Thermophilic Archea
• Extreme thermophiles
• survived at 350C under tremendous pressure
• Optimal "operating temperature" is just over
  110C
• survive anaerobically at 250C degrees !
• These cells could have survived on a young Earth
  under conditions that are thought to be
  uninhabitable by all known life forms.

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Pyrolobus fumarii Opt. 106C, most thermophile,
Max T 113C Unable to grow below 90C (too
cold!) Wall black smokers, hydrothermal
vents Coccoid-shaped, Cell wall protein Obl. H2
chemolithotroph Resist 121C (autoclave) 1h
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6. Archaeal metabolism diversity

• Methanogens
• obligate anaerobes
• Marine, freshwater sediments, deep soils, and
  intestinal tracts of animals.
• H2 energy CO2 carbon source produce CH4.
• Associated with heterotrophic eubacteria and
  protozoa.
• Most diverse group of Archaea.
• Extreme thermophiles, moderate thermophiles, or
  mesophiles.
• Morphology can be cocci, rod, or spirillum

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6. Archaeal metabolism diversity

•  Halophilic Archea
• Found in salt flats and evaporation ponds.
• Color these areas pinkish-red.
• They can't live in salt concentrations below 10!
• Bright red carotenoid pigment protects the cells
  from intense solar radiation.
• Bacteriorhodopsin use sunlight for energy.
• Produce their own ATP using this pigment.
• Directly produce ATP by chemiosmosis.

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6. Archaeal metabolism diversity
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6. Archaeal metabolism diversity
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What are Archaea?

• 1. Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
• 2. Archaea are unicellular.
• 3. Archaea are microscopic.
• 4. Archaeal forms
• 5. Archaeal structures
• 6. Archaeal metabolisms
• 7. Archaeal diversity

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What are Archaea?

• REFERENCE
• MADIGAN, MT, MARTINKO, JM, PARKER, J. Brock
  Biology of Microorganisms, 10th ed, 2003,
  PRENTICE HALL, p. 445-498.
• PURVES, WK, SADAVA, D, ORIANS, GH, HELLER, HC.
  Life, The Science of Biology, 6th ed, 2001,
  Sinauer Associates Inc., p. 472-473.
• PRESCOTT, LM, HARLEY, JP, KLEIN, DA.
  Microbiology, 3rd ed, 1996, Wm C. Brown
  Publishers, A Times Mirror Company, p. 477-490.

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What are Archaea?

• WEB Sites
• http//fox.rollins.edu/egregory/Archaebacteria.ht
  ml
• http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/Archaea/Archaeamm.htm
  l
• http//trishul.sci.gu.edu.au/courses/ss12bmi/micro
  be_structure.html
• http//www.personal.psu.edu/users/a/b/abt113/biowe
  bpage4.html
• http//daphne.palomar.edu/wayne/ploct97.htmstroma
  to.gif

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What are Archaea?

• WEB Sites
• www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/MajorGroupsOfProkaryotes
  
• www.uga.edu/cms/FacWBW.html
• www.unmc.edu/Students/corbitc/Archaebacteria.html
• http//daphne.palomar.edu/wayne/ploct97.htmstroma
  to.gif
• http//cw.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/brock/