A History of Mars Exploration

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Topics

• A History of Mars Exploration
• HiRISE
• The Peoples Camera

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A History of Mars Observations

• From the beginning of human history through 1609,
  Mars was a red light in the sky that did not
  twinkle
• Image Credit Conjunction of Moon, Venus and
  Mars - Dec 1 2002 - Stuart Heggie
• http//www.astrofoto.ca/stuartheggie/index.html
• http//www.astrofoto.ca/stuartheggie/ltpb_photos/M
  oon_Venus_Mars_Dec_1_2002.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• In 1609, Galileo Galilei became perhaps the first
  person to systematically turn a new toy - the
  telescope - to the sky, and to Mars.
• Image Credit Drawing of Mars from Galileo's Il
  Saggiatore (1623), reproduced from Volume 6, page
  361 of the National Edition.
• http//moro.imss.fi.it/lettura/LetturaWEB.DLL?VOL
  6VOLPAG361

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1609 through 1965, telescopes became
  increasingly powerful
• First maps, drawings, photographs
• Image Credit Map of Mars by Giovanni
  Schiaparelli (1888) Wikipedia
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageKarte_Mars_Schi
  aparelli_MKL1888.png

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1609 through 1965, telescopes (continued)
• Mars Canal Craze
• Image Credit Percival Lowell observing Mars
  from the observer's chair of the 61-centimeter
  (24-inch) refracting telescope in the observatory
  he established in Flagstaff, Arizona (USA).,
  Wikipedia
• http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ImagePercival_L
  owell-observing_Mars_from_the_Lowell_Observatory.j
  pg

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1609 through 1965, telescopes (continued)
• Photographs
• Image Credit Mars from Mt. Wilson Observatory
  Robert Leighton (1956), from Dr. Jim Bells
  ground-based images of Mars webpage at Cornell
• http//marswatch.tn.cornell.edu/mars_groundbased.h
  tml

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A History of Mars Observations

• Mars up close! From 1965 through 1997 the first
  spacecraft and landers
• July 14 and 15, 1965 - Mariner 4
• Image Credit First close-up image of Mars, from
  the Mariner 4 spacecraft, NASA/NSSDC
• http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page
  /m04_01d.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1965 through 1997 the first spacecraft and
  landers (continued)
• July 14 and 15, 1965 - Mariner 4
• Image Credit First picture clearly showing
  craters on Mars, NASA/NSSDC
• http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page
  /m04_07b.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1965 through 1997 the first spacecraft and
  landers (continued)
• June 1976 - August 1980 - Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters
  and Landers
• Image Credit Color mosaic of Olympus Mons on
  Mars, NASA/NSSDC
• http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page
  /vo1_mh20n133.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1965 through 1997 the first spacecraft and
  landers (continued)
• June 1976 - August 1980 - Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters
  and Landers
• Image Credit Parana Valles drainage system in
  Margaritifer Sinus, Mars, NASA/NSSDC
• http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page
  /vo1_084a47.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1965 through 1997 the first spacecraft and
  landers (continued)
• June 1976 - August 1980 - Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters
  and Landers
• Image Credit First Color Image of Utopia
  Planitia on Mars, NASA/NSSDC
• http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page
  /vl2_p17686.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• And then years - from 1980 through 1996 - of no
  visits to Mars
• Failed missions
• Dry, dead Mars leaves the public imagination,
  except for the Face

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A History of Mars Observations

• From 1997 through 2006 the first rovers and
  higher resolution orbiters
• July 04, 1997 - Pathfinder and Sojourner
• Image Credit Mars Pathfinder lander on sol 39,
  NASA/NSSDC
• http//nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/marspath_imag
  es.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• 2004 through present (!) - MER Opportunity and
  Spirit
• Image Credit Dust Devils Whip By Spirit, Sol
  1120, NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell
• http//marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spiri
  t/20070412a.html
• Image Credit Panorama from 'Cape Verde',
  NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell
• http//marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/oppor
  tunity/20070103a.html

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A History of Mars Observations

• Mars Odyssey, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Express
• Image Credit Fossil Delta in Eberswalde
  Crater, NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems
• http//barsoom.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2005/09/20
  /eberswalde/

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HiRISE

• Late 1980s - Alan Delamere of Ball Aerospace
  begins to plan a high resolution camera
• 2001 - Delamere teams up with Dr. Alfred McEwen
  from the University of Arizona to propose this
  camera for the upcoming Mars Reconnaissance
  Orbiter
• November 9, 2001 - HiRISE camera is accepted
• Image Credit HiRISE at Mars,
  NASA/JPL/University of Arizona

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MRO Mission Overview
Launch
Interplanetary Cruise
Approach and Orbit Insertion
Aug 2005
Aug 2005 - Mar 2006
Mar 2006
Capture Orbit --- Period 35 hrs Asc Node 830
pm LMST
LC-41
Atlas V-401
Aerobraking
Primary Science/Relay
Nov 2006 - Dec 2010
Mar-Sep 2006
Primary Science/Relay Orbit --- Period 112 min
Hp 255 km Ha 320 km, Frozen Ascending
Node 300 pm LMST (Sun-Sync)
Science Data Acquisition/Return
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Data Return Comparison
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Other MRO Instruments
MARCI
SHARAD
MCS
CTX
CRISM
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HiRISE Focal Plane Assembly

• 14 CCDs (2048 x 128 pixels)
• 10 CCDs Form Red Channel (20,000 pixels)
• 2 CCDs Form Blue-Green Channel (4000 pixels)
• 2 CCDs Form NIR Channel (4000 pixels)

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• Simulated HiRISE image of Tucson, 20,000 x 60,000
  pixels
• Next slide HiROC at full resolution

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• HiRISE (30 cm/pixel plus false color)

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20,000 pixels
4,000 pixels
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Polar Layers and Climate History

• Analysis of HiRISE data should result in a
  better understanding of the timescales involved
  in the deposition of the layered deposits and
  provide important information regarding the
  climate history of Mars.

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Fluvial Deposits

• Delta at Eberswalde Crater
• PSP_001336_1560 - November 8, 2006.
• centered at -23.8 degrees latitude, 326.4 degrees
  East longitude.
• Deposits of channel emptying into lake

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Fluvial Deposits

• Delta at Eberswalde Crater

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Other Processes

• Channels on dunes in Russell Crater
• PSP_001440_1255 - November 16, 2006
• centered at -54.2 degrees latitude, 12.9 degrees
  East longitude
• Sand fluidized by sublimating CO2 ice during the
  spring?

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HiRISE

• Can the audience even see anything I am
  showing!!!???

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Credit MSSS.com
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The Peoples Camera

• HiRISE welcomes and encourages participation from
  all scientists and the general public
• Anyone may submit targets through Web-based
  interface (HiWeb)
• Processed images, useful for science analyses,
  will be released ASAP, hopefully within weeks of
  acquisition.
• These will be official PDS releases!
• HiRISE teams thinks this approach will result in
  the greatest possible science return
• Too much data for us to research ourselves!
• We will image 1 of Mars (0.1 at full
  resolution), so images must be carefully placed
  to address key questions.
• The dataset is huge, so we want outside help for
  earlier discoveries, to influence future research
  and exploration.

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The Peoples Camera

• HiRISE Products
• EDRs - Individual channels from an observation
  with an attached label - ISIS .cub format
• RDRs - Mosaic of all the EDRs, geometrically
  mapped to Mars, with a detached label - JPEG2000
  .jp2 format
• Color RDRs - Same as above, but with the color
  swath added to the black-and-white channels -
  JPEG2000 .jp2 format
• Anaglyphs
• First Planetary Data System (PDS) release in June
  (1000s of EDRs, RDRs)

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The Peoples Camera

• Smaller compressed products on website (all of
  these are jpeg format)
• Thumbnail images
• Browse images
• Browse images with scale bar

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The Peoples Camera

• HiRISE
• http//hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/
• New website coming soon (June 2007?)
• HiBlog
• http//hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/HiBlog/
• Ill put a link to this presentation on our blog
  (large file alert! 25 MB)
• HiRISE Clickworkers
• http//clickworkers.arc.nasa.gov/hirise
• Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)
• http//mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/