TIME KAL 007

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TIME KAL 007
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TIME Iran Air 655
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Framing Salience
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Dominant Frames and Cultural Explanations
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Dominant Frames and Cultural Norms

• Established frames and cultural explanations.
• Convey Dominant Cultural Meaning
• Make Sense of Complex Facts
• Help slot the new and unusual into existing
  familiar categories.

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Terror
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Terrorists
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• Propaganda and the American Media

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American Freedom of the Press
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Propaganda Machine

• 1. Accepted Frames and Cultural Norms
• 2. Controlling the Source Media Handling and
  Manipulation
• 3. The Power of Advertising
• 4. Media Ownership
• 5. Silencing Opposing Voices the Power of
  Market Enforcers

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 1. Straight News Account
• 16 of stories.
• Inverted pyramid of who, what, where, when and
  how. Fact driven, no dominant narrative theme.

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Inverted Pyramid

• Inverted Pyramid
• Most news worthy information first
• Easy to access the most news-worthy information,
  saves readers time.
• Easy to edit.
• Alternatives
• Chronological
• Suspense story dramatic information at the end.
• Start in the present and flash back to fill in
  important details.

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Inverted PyramidHistory and Origins

• Example The Charge of the Light Brigade at the
  Battle of Balaklava, 1854
• Great Britain at war with present-day Turkey.
• British cavalry brigade is mistakenly ordered to
  mount a suicidal charge against Turkish heavy
  guns.
• British routed and driven from the field. Over
  100 killed, many more wounded.

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Inverted Pyramid History and Origin

• If the exhibition of the most brilliant valour,
  of the excess of courage, and of a daring which
  would have reflected luster on the best days of
  chivalry can afford full consolation for the
  disaster of today, we can have no reason to
  regret the melancholy loss which we sustained in
  contest with a savage and barbarian enemy.
• William Howard Russell reporting on the Charge
  of the Light Brigade at the Battle of
  Balaklava in 1854

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Charge of the Light BrigadeInverted Pyramid
Reporting

• A signal foul-up sent a British Cavalry Brigade
  into a disastrous head-on charge against Turkish
  artillery near Balaklava. Over 100 of the 690
  members of the British cavalry brigade were
  killed in the assault.

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2. Conflict Story 30 of stories Focused on the
conflict inherent in a situation or between its
main players. Wrongdoing Exposed Uncovering
wrongdoing, corruption or injustice
Abu Ghraib Prison, Iraq
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Horse RaceWho is winning and who is losing.
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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 3. Consensus Story
• 6 of stories.
• Emphasizing the points of agreement in an event

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 4. How It Works Process Story
• 12 of stories.
• An explanation of the process of something or how
  something works a background explanation piece.

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 5. How It Works Historical Outlook
• 12 of stories.
• An explanation of how current events fit into
  history.
• 6. How It Works Trend Story
• 12 of stories.
• The news as an ongoing trend.

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 7. Conjecture Story
• 9 of stories
• A story that asks What if? A focus on what is
  going to happen or what is to come.

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 8. Policy Explored
• 8 of stories
• A focus on exploring policy and its impact.

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Most Commonly Used News Frames

• 9. Personality Profile
• 7 of stories
• Profiles of newsmakers

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News Sources

• Routine
• Enterprise
• Informal

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Control Information at the Source

• Very often in news, it isnt the reporting that
  is biased but rather the sources themselves.

• Control information at the source and you control
  the News.

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ROUTINE News Sources
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ENTERPRISE News Sources
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INFORMAL News Sources
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SOURCES Media as Government Mouthpiece

• Over 50 of all stories relied on routine
  channels
• Nearly 50 of all routine channels were US
  Officials
• 92 of US Officials were Executive Branch
  Officials
• One-third of all reports were printed without
  follow-up sources

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MEDIA

• Bureaucratic Affinity
• Need for a steady, reliable flow of news material
• Need to establish and maintain access
• Recognition and Credibility Presumptive
  credibility

Lapdog
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Managing the Media

• Controlling Access
• Journalists Develop Close Relationships with
  Their Sources
• Dont want to kill the goose that lay the golden
  egg
• Controlling the Terms
• Refusing to Participate Except Upon Government
  Terms
• Defense Department refusal to participate in
  discussion of human rights in Central America
  unless Robert White, former ambassador excluded

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SOURCES Where does your news come from?

• Does the article give you any sense of where the
  information may have come from or how the
  reporter may have gotten it?
• How hard did the reporter work for this?
• Is there any similarity in sources cited?
• How many sources are cited?
• Do the sources used provide enough information or
  is more needed to understand the situation?

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News Triggers

• Statement by a newsmaker
• News Event
• Independent Investigative Reporting
• Independent Analysis or Interpretation
• Preview of an Event
• Release of a Report or Poll
• Press Advisory or Press Release
• Press Conference