COMP 416b Internet Protocols and Software

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COMP 416bInternet Protocols and Software

• Instructor Zhijun Wang
• Todays contents
• IP addresses classful addressing (Chap. 4)
• IP addresses classless addressing (Chap.5)

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Chapter 4
IP AddressesClassful Addressing
Objectives

• Understand IPv4 addresses and classes
• Identify the class of an IP address
• Find the network address given an IP address
• Understand masks and how to use them
• Understand subnets and supernets

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4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP
protocol suite to identify each device connected
to the Internet is called the Internet address or
IP address. An IP address is a 32-bit address
that uniquely and universally defines the
connection of a host or a router to the Internet.
IP addresses are unique. They are unique in the
sense that each address defines one, and only
one, connection to the Internet. Two devices on
the Internet can never have the same address.
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An IP address is a 32-bit address.
The IP addresses are unique.
The address space of IPv4 is232 or
4,294,967,296.
An address space is the total number of addresses
used by the protocol. If a protocol uses N bits
to define an address, the address space is 2N
because each bit can have two different values
(0 or 1) and N bits can have 2N values.
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Notations
There are three common notations to show an IP
address binary notation, dotted-decimal
notation and hexadecimal notation
Binary notation the IP address is displayed as
32 bits. Usually one or more spaces are
introduced between each byte (8bits) to make it
more readable.
Here is an example of an IP address in binary
notation 00110111 10011100 01010011 00001111
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Dotted-decimal notation
To make the IP address more compact and easier to
read, a dotted-decimal notation is introduced.
In-dotted decimal notation, the value of each
byte is converted to a decimal number and
separated by a dot.
Note that each byte only has 8 bits, so each
number in the dotted decimal notation is between
0 and 255.
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Example 1
Change the following IP addresses from binary
notation to dotted-decimal notation. a. 10000001
00001011 00001011 11101111b. 11000001 10000011
00011011 11111111c. 11100111 11011011 10001011
01101111d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111
SolutionWe replace each group of 8 bits with its
equivalent decimal number and add dots for
separation a. 129.11.11.239 b.
193.131.27.255c. 231.219.139.111 d.
249.155.251.15
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Example 2
Change the following IP addresses from
dotted-decimal notation to binary notation. a.
111.56.45.78 b. 221.34.7.82c.
241.8.56.12 d. 75.45.34.78
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary
equivalent a. 01101111 00111000 00101101
01001110b. 11011101 00100010 00000111
01010010c. 11110001 00001000 00111000
00001100d. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110
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Example 3
Find the error, if any, in the following IP
addresses a. 111.56.045.78 b. 221.34.7.8.20 c.
75.45.301.14 d. 11100010.23.14.67
Solution
a. There are no leading zeroes in dotted-decimal
notation (045). b. We may not have more than four
numbers in an IP address. c. In dotted-decimal
notation, each number is less than or equal
to 255 301 is outside this range. d. A mixture
of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is
not allowed.
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Hexadecimal notation
Sometimes we see an IP address in hexadecimal
notation. Each hexadecimal digital is equivalent
to four bits. Hence an IP address has 8
hexadecimal digits.
An example of an IP address in hexadecimal
notation 10000001 00001011 00001011
11101111 0x810B0BEF or 810B0BEF16
Note that each hexadecimal digital represents 4
bits, so each digital can be one of 0 to 15. The
values of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 are
represented as A, B, C, D, E and F.
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4.2 CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
IP addresses, when started a few decades ago,
used the concept of classes. This architecture is
called classful addressing. In the mid-1990s, a
new architecture, called classless addressing,
was introduced and will eventually supersede the
original architecture. However, part of the
Internet is still using classful addressing, but
the migration is very fast.
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Figure Occupation of the address space
In classful addressing, the IP address space is
divided into 5 classes A, B, C, D and E. Each
occupies some part of whole address space.
1/2
1/4
1/8
1/16
1/16
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Figure Finding the class in binary notation
Class A starts with bit 0, the total number is
231, counts 50 Class B starts with bits 10, the
total number is 230, counts 25
Class C starts with bit 110, the total number is
229, counts 12.5 Class D starts with bits 1110,
the total number is 228, counts 6.25 Class E
starts with bits 1111, the total number is 228,
counts 6.25
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Figure Procedure of finding the address class in
binary notation
0011. A 1101. C 1111.. E
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Example 4
How can we prove that we have 2,147,483,648
addresses in class A?
SolutionIn class A, only 1 bit defines the
class. The remaining 31 bits are available for
the address. With 31 bits, we can have 231or
2,147,483,648 addresses.
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Example 5
Find the class of each address a. 00000001
00001011 00001011 11101111b. 11000001 10000011
00011011 11111111c. 10100111 11011011 10001011
01101111d. 11110011 10011011 11111011 00001111
SolutionSee the procedure in Figure 4.4.a. The
first bit is 0. This is a class A address.b. The
first 2 bits are 1 the third bit is 0. This is a
class C address.c. The first bit is 0 the
second bit is 1. This is a class B address.d.
The first 4 bits are 1s. This is a class E
address..
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Figure Finding the class in decimal notation
The first byte of Class A address is from
00000000 to 01111111, i.e., 0 to 127. Class B
10000000 to 10111111, i.e., 128 -191.
Class C 11000000 to 11010000, i.e., 192
223. Class D 11100000 to 11100000, i.e., 224 -
239. Class E 11110000 to 11111111, i.e., 240 -
255.
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Example 6
Find the class of each address a.
227.12.14.87 b.193.14.56.22 c.14.23.120.8d.
252.5.15.111 e.134.11.78.56
Solutiona. The first byte is 227 (between 224
and 239) the class is D.b. The first byte is
193 (between 192 and 223) the class is C.c. The
first byte is 14 (between 0 and 127) the class
is A.d. The first byte is 252 (between 240 and
255) the class is E.e. The first byte is 134
(between 128 and 191) the class is B.
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Netid and hostid
In classful addressing, an IP address in classes
A, B, and C is divided netid and hostid. These
parts are of varying lengths.
All IP addresses with the same Netid form a
block.
How many Netid in class A, B and C? How many
Hostid in class A, B and C?
Netid A 27128, B 21416368, C
2212097152. Hostid A 224, B 216, C 28.
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Blocks in class A
The Netid is used to identify the organization to
the rest of the Internet.
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Blocks in class B
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Blocks in class C
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Note
Class D addresses are used for multicasting
there is only one block in this class.
Class E addresses are reserved for future
purposes most of the block is wasted.
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Network address
The first address of each block is called network
address.
In classful addressing, the network address (the
first address in the block) is the one that is
assigned to the organization. The range of
addresses can automatically be inferred from the
network address.
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Example 7
Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the
class, the block, and the range of the addresses.
SolutionThe class is A because the first byte is
between 0 and 127. The block has a netid of 17.
The addresses range from 17.0.0.0 to
17.255.255.255.
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Example 8
Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find the
class, the block, and the range of the addresses.
SolutionThe class is B because the first byte is
between 128 and 191. The block has a netid of
132.21. The addresses range from 132.21.0.0 to
132.21.255.255.
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Example 9
Given the network address 220.34.76.0, find the
class, the block, and the range of the addresses.
SolutionThe class is C because the first byte is
between 192 and 223. The block has a netid of
220.34.76. The addresses range from 220.34.76.0
to 220.34.76.255.
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Find network address
Based on the network address, we can find the
block, range of addresses in the block. Now give
an IP address, how to find the network address?
We can first identify the class of the IP address
and the Netid, and then set the Hostid to be
zero, we get the network address.
For example give IP address 134.32.12.13, we
know that the IP address is class B address, so
the Netid is 134.32, and then the network address
is 134.32.0.0.
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Network address
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Masking concept
A mask is a 32-bit number that gives the first
address in the block (the network address) when
bitwise ANDed with an address in the block.
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AND operation
AND operation 1 AND 1 1 0 AND 1 0 1
AND 0 0 0 AND 0 0

• AND operations
• If the bit in the mask is 1, the corresponding
  bit is retained in the output.
• If the bit in the mask is 0, a 0 bit in the
  output is the result.

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Each class of A, B and C has a default mask.
Table Default masks
The network address is the beginning address of
each block. It can be found by applying the
default mask to any of the addresses in the block
(including itself). It retains the Netid of the
block and sets the Hostid to zero.
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Example 10
Given the address 23.56.7.91, find the beginning
address (network address).
SolutionThe default mask is 255.0.0.0, which
means that only the first byte is preserved and
the other 3 bytes are set to 0s. The network
address is 23.0.0.0.
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Example 11
Given the address 132.6.17.85, find the beginning
address (network address).
SolutionThe default mask is 255.255.0.0, which
means that the first 2 bytes are preserved and
the other 2 bytes are set to 0s. The network
address is 132.6.0.0.
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Example 12
Given the address 201.180.56.5, find the
beginning address (network address).
SolutionThe default mask is 255.255.255.0, which
means that the first 3 bytes are preserved and
the last byte is set to 0. The network address is
201.180.56.0.
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Note
Note that we must not apply the default mask of
one class to an address belonging to another
class.
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Figure 4.12 Multihomed devices
A device connects to more than one networks must
have more than one IP addresses. A device
connects to different networks is called
multihomed device.
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4.4 SUBNETTING AND SUPERNETTING
In the previous sections we discussed the
problems associated with classful addressing.
Specifically, the network addresses available for
assignment to organizations are close to
depletion. This is coupled with the
ever-increasing demand for addresses from
organizations that want connection to the
Internet. In this section we briefly discuss two
solutions subnetting and supernetting.
In subnetting, a network is divided into several
smaller subnetworks with each subnetwork having
its own subnet address.
In supernetting, an organization can combine
several class C blocks to create a larger range
of addresses.
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A network with two levels of hierarchy (not
subnetted)
IP addresses are designed with two levels of
hierarchy (Netid and Hostid). Netid is used to
reach the network, and the Hostid is used to
identify the devices
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A network with three levels of hierarchy
(subnetted)
Three levels site (network), subnet, and host
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Addresses in a network with and without
subnetting
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Default mask and subnet mask
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
192110000002
11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000
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Example 15
What is the subnetwork address if the destination
address is 200.45.34.56 and the subnet mask is
255.255.240.0?
SolutionWe apply the AND operation on the
address and the subnet mask.
Address ? 11001000 00101101 00100010
00111000 Subnet Mask ? 11111111 11111111
11110000 00000000 Subnetwork Address ? 11001000
00101101 00100000 00000000.
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Comparison of a default mask and a subnet mask
The number of subnetworks can be found by
computing the extra 1s that are added to the
default mask to make the subnet mask.
The number of subnets is 238.
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A supernetwork
In supernetting, an organization can combine
several class C blocks to create a larger range
of addresses.
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Comparison of subnet, default, and supernet masks
A supernet mask is the reverse of subnet mask. A
supernet mask for class C has less 1s than the
default mask for the class.