Chapter 11 The Islamic World

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Chapter 11 The Islamic World

• 570 AD 1250 AD

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Section 1 The Rise of Islam

• Main Idea The founding of the Islamic religion
  in the Arabian Peninsula changed and unified the
  Arab World.
• Geography of the Middle East Arabian Sea,
  Persian Gulf, Red Sea, climate..
• Islam is one of the strongest spiritual movements
  in the world today.
• Bedouins Arab herders, nomadic
• Trade became very important crossroads of trade
  caravan routes

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Prophet Muhammad

• Born around 570
• Made a living as a caravan trader
• Jews and Christians, with whom they traded, were
  monotheistic Arabs were polytheistic
• Had revelations around the age of 40 the Angel
  Jibreel (Gabriel) told him that he was to be a
  prophet of God

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Threat?

• Merchants of Mecca were against Muhammad
• Pilgrimage to Mecca to visit the Kaaba idols
• Would the conversion to monotheism stop this
  pilgrimage to Mecca and thus the money to local
  merchants?
• Looking for a more accepting place, Muhammad and
  his followers settle in Yathrib (622) Al
  Madinah (Medina) City of the Prophet
• Journey is call the hijrah eventually marks the
  first year of the Muslim calendar (622)
• Mecca eventually submits and Muhammad returns in
  630
• Muhammad dies in 632

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Beliefs

• Belief in one god
• People must obey Gods Will
• Islam means submission to the will of God
• Followers called Muslims
• Quran Holy Book word of God as revealed to
  Muhammad
• Jihad struggle to defend the faith
  definition? Rewards?
• Arabic becomes common language of Muslims
  Quran written in Arabic should stay in Arabic
• Mosques places of worship

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Five Pillars

• Profession of Faith
• Five daily prayers
• Paying zakat
• Fasting during Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to Mecca

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Section 2 The Spread of Islam

• Main Idea After the death of Muhammad, the
  Islamic world greatly expanded, but soon split
  into two factions.
• Conflicts would arise after the death of
  Muhammad, mainly dealing with his successor
• Hadith sayings of Muhammad

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Who is in charge?

• Abu Bakr takes over when Muhammad dies
• Given the title of caliph meaning successor to
  the prophet
• Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph
• 640 growing armies of Islam under Umars
  leadership gained much of Persian Empire and took
  control of Iraq

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Who is in charge?

• Disagreement about who should be caliph brings
  division to the Islamic world
• Uthman (successor to Umar) was killed
• Ali becomes caliph
• Muawiyah (Uthmans relative) is upset war
  breaks out
• Ali is assassinated Muawiyah becomes caliph
• Conflict becomes deeper when Muawiyahs
  descendants killed Alis son Husayn

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Who is in charge?

• Muhammad
• Abu Bakr
• Umar
• Uthman
• Ali
• Muawiyah

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The Division

• Most Muslims accept Muawiyah as caliph Sunni
• Alis followers believed his descendants should
  be caliph Shiah
• Sunni 90 Shiah 10

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Sufi Muslims

• Focused on living simple lives focused on God
  turn away from worldly possessions and success
  faith in God was only mark of a persons worth

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Spreading of Islam

• Often Muslims were more tolerant than other
  conquerors
• Did not demand that all conquered people convert
  to Islam
• Arabs were particularly tolerant of Christians
  and Jews monotheistic
• People of the Book
• Sometimes given the option to accept Islam or pay
  extra tax
• Expansion of Islam moves into Europe East and
  West

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Spreading of Islam

• Tariq general that in 711 led a Muslim army to
  Spain where is the Strait of Gibraltar?
• Tariqs army conquers Spain Moors Muslims
  that call Spain home
• Battle of Tours (732) Franks defeat Moors and
  stop the spread of Islam into France

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Understanding Sequence

• Do you?

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Section 3 Islamic Civilization

• Main Idea Muslims made many advances in
  economics, government, education, science, and
  the arts.
• Islam became more than just a religion. It was
  also a great cultural movement that affected
  virtually every aspect of life within the Islamic
  Empire.

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Cultural Diffusion

• Trade was important to Muslim culture
• Trade network linked Europe, Asia, and Africa
• The quality of Muslim goods was well known
• Many Europeans, in fact, viewed the Muslim world
  as a source of advanced knowledge in many
  scientific areas and in banking and commerce.

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Division of Empire

• Three different caliphates Baghdad, Cairo, and
  Cordoba

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Quran

• Quran guided both their religious life and daily
  life there was no separation
• Quran urged Muslims to free their slaves
• Family was the core of Muslim daily life
• Common in Arabia for a man to have several wives.
  Quran limits a man to four wives but he must
  treat them all equally
• Muhammad was illiterate Quran was recorded by
  Muhammads companions

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Sciences

• Arabs adopted the best ideas, customs, and
  institutions they found. They combined ideas of
  Greece, Rome, and Asia in their culture
• Among the most significant of Muslim medical
  innovations was the concept of the hospital
• Abu al-Qasim surgeon his work did much to
  raise the standards of the time widely used in
  Europe for centuries
• Muslim doctors in Baghdad were required to pass
  difficult exams in order to practice medicine

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Sciences

• Established the first encyclopedia of known drugs
• Al-Razi compiled a huge medical encyclopedia it
  was translated into Latin and used in Europe for
  centuries
• History Makers Speak page 251
• Universities throughout Europe began to teach
  medicine based on Arab Muslim medical advances

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Geography

• Since they were traders, the early Muslims
  traveled and explored
• They were interested in astronomy, navigation,
  and maps
• At first the knowledge of the Greeks was utilized
  then they added their own improvements
• Astrolabe allowed observers to chart the
  position of the stars and calculate their own
  position on Earth

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Arts

• Islamic teaching forbids the use of images to
  show God religious art avoided showing human or
  animal forms
• Calligraphy fine hand writing, highest form of
  art
• In non-religious art Muslims sometimes showed
  people in daily life, famous battles or other
  scenes
• Mosques were designed to show the glory of Islam
• Mosques were not always used just for religious
  purposes
• Minaret tower attached to mosque where a person
  would call people to prayer

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The Thousand and One Nights

• Tell me the story