Queen Victoria and the Middle East

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Queen Victoria and the Middle East

• New Imperialism-1880-1914colonize the interior
  of Africa, etc.Political Empire
• So Africa had to be opened and discovered by
• Dr. Livingston who wanted to end slavery
• Stanley
• Burton and Speke
• So Cecil Rhodes Colonies are the bread and
  butter of an Empire
• This produced a new scramble for Africa and
  colonies everywhere

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Why?

• New Industrial Raw Materials (rubber, metals,
  latter, oil)
• New Nationalism (Italy and Germany)
• Social Darwinism scientific racism
• Take up the White mans burden
• The richest nations are the best
• Our Manifest Destiny now turned abroad
• Desire to convert natives to Christianity
• First Catholic missionaries, joined by UK and US
  Protestant missionaries
• Alfred T. Mahan Strategic or Coaling
  Positions
• Guam, Midway, Kuwait, Panama, Suez, Hawaii,
  etc.

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So Colonize New (including Ottoman) Territory
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The Explorers
Sir Richard Burton 1821-90 w/ Speke L.
Tanganyika Arabian Nights
John Hanning Speke, 1827-64 Discovered L.
Victoria A source of the Nile
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The Missionary and trade model
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Livingston Was Anti- Slavery!!!
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Gladstone the Livingston model
Disraeli
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SUEZ CANAL begun 1859 finished 1867
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William Gladstone vs. Benjamin Disraeli

• William Gladstone
• Liberal Prime Minister, 1868-74, 1880-85, 1886,
  1892-94
• Reforms Disestablish Anglican Church in Ireland
  courts
• trade unions Reform Act
• Anti-empire sanctity of life

• Benjamin Disraeli
• Tory/Conservative
• Prime Minister 1868 74-80
• Reforms Reform Act 1867
• Empire extend British Empire and prestige
  through wars Suez
• Victoria The costs of many wars and constant
  acts of terrorism worth the price for an empire

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Suez Canal
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Sudan
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Dongola
Khartoum
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Middle East
El Mahdi
General Charles Chinese Gordon
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General Charles Chinese Gordon

• Gordon
• In China 1860-64, against the Taiping rebellion
• Sent to Sudan 1874-79 as governor
• Great general religious, lover of copious
  amounts of brandy

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Mohammad Ahmed, The Mahdi

• Son of a carpenter
• At 16 becomes a dervish
• Becomes an itinerate doctor, wandering Sudan
• Preaches against the Ottomanswants an
  independent Sudan, ie a nationalist
• Unsettled situation in Sudan, under control of
  Egyptian Khadive who was controlled by the
  Ottaman sultan who was controlled by the British
• Slavery and poverty the way of life

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The Mahdi, Arabic Microsoft Clip art
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Gordon and the Mahdi

• Gordon returns to Sudan in 1877
• Little support from England
• Resigns and returns home in 1880

• Mahdi cont. preaching against the Turk, this
  becomes an anti-foreign message
• Proclaimed Mahdi in 1881he who is guided--the
  person who will arise in the end

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• 1879 Britain appeal to Ottoman sultan to dismiss
  Ishmael, he does
• 1885 Gordon wiped out
• So, British replace Egyptian administrators in
  Egypt with British administrators
• 1883 Lord Cromer

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Lord Kitchener
The Battle of Omdurman-Sudan 1898 The Mahdis
forces destroyed
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Denshawai, 1906
British soldiers in the Delta town
of Denshawai, trying to use domesticated pigeons
for target practice, are attacked by villagers
defending their property. Although no one is
harmed in the attack, one of the British
soldiers later dies of heatstroke, and four of
the villagers are executed for murder, two are
imprisoned for life, and many others are flogged
in public. The Denshawai Incident, as it becomes
known, becomes the spark that ignites widespread
Egyptian opposition to the European presence in
Egypt
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Does capitalism necessitate imperialism?

• Marxists
• Yes
• Capitalist must control markets, resources and
  labor, not only in their own country, but the
  rest of the world

• No
• -colonies expenses exceed profits
• France
• -least industrialized western country doubled its
  imperial holdings between 1815 and 1870