Cyprus Redefined

1
Cyprus Redefined

• Analysis of Strategic Interests
• By Senem Evrim Ozer
• IR 739

2
Cyprus Where?
3
Cyprus What?
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Facts Greek Settlement to Ottoman Capture

• Anatolian Greeks Settle in Cyprus in 1400BC
• Last Byzantine Greek Ruler Defeated in 1192AD
• Venetians Rule
• Catholicism vs. Orthodoxy
• Sultan Selim II Captures Cyprus in 1570AD
• 1st Evidence of Turkish-Greek Ethnic Conflict in
  1804

5
Facts Greek Independence

• Greek Independence in 1821
• Financial Moral Support Archbishop Kyprianos
• Küchük Mehmeds Appeal to Sultan
• Conspiracy on Cyprus
• Treaty of London in 1827
• Great Britain, France, Russia
• Bring Peace to Greece

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Facts End of Ottoman Rule

• Congress of Berlin in 1878
• Sultan Ceded Cyprus to Britain
• London Agreements in 1959
• Treaty of Establishment
• Safeguards British Military Bases
• Treaty of Alliance
• Defense Pact Between Greece, Turkey Cyprus
• Treaty of Guarantee
• Britain, Greece and Turkey Named Guarantors
• Right to Take Action Unilaterally or Jointly
  Against Enosis Partition

7
Facts Republic of Cyprus

• 1955-1960 509 Dead
• EOKA Attacks
• British Forces, Greek Collaborators
  Communists, Turkish Cypriots Serving in the
  British Government the Police, Turkish
  Community at Large
• Turkish Terrorist Groups Attack
• Greek Civilians
• 1963-1968 600 Dead 25,000 Displaced
• Power-Sharing Principles of the Constitution
  Breached
• All Turkish Cypriot Representation in the Cypriot
  Government Ends
• Turkish Air Force Stops Turkish Cypriots Only
  Remaining Outlet to the Sea
• 12,000-15,000 Greek Army Troops Deployed on
  Cyprus
• Greek Cypriots Attack Turkish Villages

8
Facts Republic of Cyprus

• 1971-1974 3000 Dead 260,000 Displaced
• Terrorist Attacks by EOKA-B and Bloody Coup
  Displacing Makarios with Sampson
• Turkish Forces Invaded Cyprus and Overran 37 of
  the Island
• 1974-1998 12 Dead
• Separate Communities Under Greek and Turkish
  Cypriot Administrations
• Divided by the Green Line and UNFICYP Presence

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Greek-Cypriots

• Right to Self-Determination
• Enosis vs. Sovereignty
• Turkish Military Presence on the Island
• Fulfillment of Self-Identity
• Cyprus is Greek
• Hellenism, Western Civilization, Byzantium Past
• Internal Politics
• The Displaced
• Property Rights in the North
• Mythistiography

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Turkish-Cypriots

• Mythistiography
• Assertion of Legal Rights
• 1960s Constitution
• Concern for Societal Survival
• Emphasis on Bi-communal, Bi-zonal Settlement

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United States

• Maintain a Strong NATO Alliance
• Forward Defense Strategy
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in
  Europe (OSCE) May Undermine NATO
• Threat of Instability in the Eastern
  Mediterranean
• Keeping Oil Interest Divided
• Conflict between Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Weakens
  U.S. Position in the Middle East
• Non-Proliferation of Ballistic Missiles
• NBCs?

12
Russia

• Uncontrolled Passage of Goods Resources
• Black Sea-Bosporus-Aegean
• Weapons Weapons Sales
• Oil Gas
• Internal Power Plays
• The Orthodox Card?
• Historical Animosities Ottoman Empire vs. Russia
• Competition Over Spheres of Influence
• Central Asia

13
European Union

• EU for a Unified Cyprus
• Freedom of Movement
• Goods, people, services, capital
• Hellenism Civilization European
• United Kingdom
• Post-Colonial Power Legal Guarantor
• Two Sovereign Military Bases
• Greece
• Cultural, Linguistic, Historical, Ethnic Ties
• Legal Guarantor

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Turkey

• Internal Stability
• Turkish Cypriot Influence over the Turkish Press
• Cultural, Linguistic, Ethnic Ties
• Regional Security
• Secure Supply Route Mediterranean Region
• Economic Interests
• Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline
• EU Aid Greek Cypriot Veto

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Summary of Selected Possible Solutions to the
Conflict

• End to the Endless Cycle of Securitization
• Intercommunal Grassroots Activities
• An Evolutionary Approach
• Joint Area Tryouts
• Gradual Cohabitation Cooperation
• European Union Catalysts
• Membership Negotiations with Cyprus March 1998
• Carrot Catalyst
• Stick Catalyst
• Subversion Catalyst

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THANK YOU!