Why Do People Smoke Cigarettes

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Why Do People Smoke Cigarettes?

• Psychobiological models of addiction
• Presented by Jade Dyer

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Psychobiological Models

• Biological factors nicotine addiction
  genotype
• Psychological factors beliefs, personality
  learning
• Social factors peer influence advertising

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Nicotine Addiction

• Smokers often report that smoking has the
  beneficial effects of controlling stress and
  anxiety or improving alertness and concentration
  (West, 1993)
• Common withdrawal symptoms include stress,
  depression, craving, restlessness, irritability
  and difficulty concentrating
• (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)

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Experimental Evidence

• Laboratory studies have reported reductions in
  anxiety and negative affect and increases in
  attention and concentration after smoking but
  these results may represent a relief from
  withdrawal symptoms
• (Domino and Kishimoto, 2002 Juliano
  Brandon, 2002),

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Experimental Evidence

• Studies in non-smoking subjects have found
  nicotine administered through other methods, such
  as patches or gum, facilitated speed of
  information processing, vigilance and attention
• (Levin et al, 1998Ernst et al, 2001)

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Smoking Causes Stress?

• Andy Parrot (1999)
• Smokers have higher levels of stress
• Nicotine addiction exacerbates stress
• Smoking reverses the tension irritability of
  withdrawal

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Genetic Theories

• Particular genotypes have been linked to
  earlier smoking initiation and may increase
  susceptibility to nicotine addiction
• A polymorphism in the dopamine transporter gene
  SLC6A3 (Ling et al, 2004)
• A1 allele of the dopamine D2 receptor DRD2
  (Audrain-McGovern et al, 2004)

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Personality Theories

• Traits commonly associated with smoking include
• Neuroticism
• Anxiety
• Extraversion
• Sociability
• Sensation Seeking
• Aggression
• Hostility
• Antisocial Behaviour
• Impulsivity

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Personality

• Rebelliousness, sensation seeking and impulsivity
  predict later nicotine dependence
• (Burt, Dinh, Peterson, Sarason, 2000)
• Table 4. Personality correlates of smoking
  From   Lujic Eur. psychol., Volume 10(1).March
  2005.124

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Social Learning

• Peer smoking is the strongest predictor of
  adolescent smoking (Derzon Lipsey, 1999)
• Parental smoking, gender and ethnicity also
  effect smoking behaviour

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Advertising Role Modelling

• Epidemiological research indicates that cigarette
  industry campaigns lead to rises in adolescent
  smoking (Pierce Gilpin, 1995)

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Cognitive Processes

• Many adolescent smokers believe there are no
  health risks in the first few years and may
  intend to stop before their smoking becomes a
  problem
• (Slovic, 2000)

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The Optimistic Bias

• Adults and adolescents are unrealistically
  optimistic about the personalised risks of
  smoking and greatly over-estimate their
  probability of living to the age of 75 compared
  to non-smokers
• (Schoenbaum, 1997)

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Weight Control

• The belief that smoking controls weight may
  encourage smoking, particularly in girls,
  although research indicates smoking does not in
  fact suppress body weight
• (Williamson et al, 1991)

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Attitudes Beliefs

• Perception of adolescent smoking portrays an
  image of being cool, tough, mature and sociable,
  while childrens perception of adult smoking is
  that it represents anxiety and a lack of control
  (Rugkasa et al, 2001)

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Conditioned Responses

• The rapid absorption of nicotine, its short 2
  hour half-life and its frequent administration
  lead conditioned stimuli, such as the smell,
  taste and manual action of smoking, to quickly
  become associated with nicotines positive
  effects and become pleasure-producing on their
  own. These cues also elicit the urge to smoke.
• (Field Duka, 2001)

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Extinguishing Conditioning

• Denicotinized cigarettes only sustain
  pleasure-inducing, craving-reducing properties
  for short amounts of time
• (Butschky et al, 1995)

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Conclusions Why do people smoke cigarettes?

• Nicotine addiction
• Genotypes may increase susceptibility
• Personality traits may make smoking more
  rewarding or more difficult to quit
• Social surroundings and availability

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Conclusions Why do people smoke cigarettes?

• Smokers often believe
• Cigarettes suppress weight gain
• Smoking improves attention
• Smoking improves mood and controls anxiety and
  negative affect
• The negative effects of smoking do not apply to
  them personally

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Conclusions Why do people smoke cigarettes?

• Conditioned social cues and withdrawal relief
  reinforce smoking behaviour
• Smoking cigarettes is a biopsychosocial addiction

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References

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  Disorders, 4th ed. American Psychiatric
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• Arnett, J. 2000. Optimistic bias in adolescent
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• Audrain-McGovern, J., Lerman, C., Wileyto, E.P.,
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• Bozarth, M.A. (1990). Drug addiction as a
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References

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