Text

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Text Annotation Techniques
Presented By
Sreeram Sreenivasan
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What is an annotated text ?

• Annotated text (Eg.)
• lthtmlgt
• lttitlegt Sample Document
• lt/titlegt
• ltbodygt This is an annotated text document.
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt

• Ordinary Text (Eg.)
• This is an ordinary text document.

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Key Words

• DTD
• SGML

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Document Type Definition

• It is a specification that accompanies an
  annotated document.
• It enables the parser in identifying what the
  codes (or markup) are that separate paragraphs,
  identify topic headings,
• It also intimates to the parser on how each tag
  is to be processed.
• The DTD for every document is generally placed on
  top of the document.
• 
  .

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Standard Generalized Markup Language

• SGML is the acronym for Standard Generalized
  Markup Language.
• It is a standard for how to specify a document
  markup language or a tag set.
• The SGML is itself a DTD.
• 
  

SGML
HTML
XML
WML
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• HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
• XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
• WML (Wireless Markup Language)
• TEI (Text Encoding Initiative)
• References

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HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

• It is the set of markup symbols or codes inserted
  in a file intended for display on a World Wide
  Web browser page.
• The markup tells the Web browser how to display a
  Web page's text and images for the user.
• Each individual markup code is referred to as an
  element (but is generally referred to it as a
  tag).
• Some elements come in pairs that indicate when
  some display effect is to begin and when it is to
  end.

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• The basic annotations on an HTML page
• Document Tags HTML, HEAD, TITLE, BODY Comment
  Tags
• Basic Text Structures Headings, Paragraph, Line
  Break Blockquote
• Anchors HREF NAME
• Images IMG, ALIGN ALT
• ..

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Heading Tag

• Heading 1
• Heading 2
• Heading 3
• Heading 4

• ltH1gtHeading 1lt/H1gt ltH2gtHeading 2lt/H2gt
  ltH3gtHeading 3lt/H3gt ltH4gtHeading 4lt/H4gt

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Paragraph Tag

• ltPgtThis sort of paragraph usually deserves to
  be broken up into several paragraphs, since its
  sheer bulk dissuades the reader from attempting
  to plumb its depths. lt/Pgt ltPgt On the other hand,
  they can be pretty short. lt/Pgt ltPgt Really short.
  lt/Pgt

• This sort of paragraph usually deserves to be
  broken up into several paragraphs, since its
  sheer bulk dissuades the reader from attempting
  to plumb its depths.
• On the other hand, they can be pretty short.
  
• Really short.
• ..

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HTML specifics

• Though there are special editors for writing HTML
  files we can use the basic MS-Word or emacs in
  Unix.
• The tags in HTML are not case sensitive ie. tags
  lttitlegt and ltTITLEgt mean the same.
• The HTML files can be viewed with Browsers (IE or
  Netscape), parsers or SGML compilers since it is
  standardized.
• Sample Document

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• lthtmlgt
• lttitlegt Sample Document
• lt/titlegt
• ltbodygt
• ltpgt This is a sample HTML document.lt/pgt
• ltpgtIt illustrates the usage of tags with the
  actual text.lt/pgt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt
• 
  ..

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EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE

• Definition
• It is a flexible way to create common
  information formats and share both the format and
  the data on the World Wide Web, intranets, and
  elsewhere.

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Differences with HTML

• Tags Semantics are flexible (facilitates the
  programmer to define specify tags . E.g.. ltPgt in
  XML can mean a paragraph or phone no).
• Processing of XML documents depends on receiving
  application.
• Supports links to multiple documents.
• XML contains tags that describe the data. E.g..
  ltphonenogt may describe a telephone no. Tags may
  also include attributes like that of HTML.
• A forgotten tag in an XML program makes file
  unusable unlike HTML where it may be bypassed.

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Relation with SGML

• It is basically a subset of SGML(Standard
  Generalized Markup Language).
• SGML is a standard to specify the document
  language set.
• Like SGML, XML is based on the principle that
  documents have elements that can be described
  without reference to how data should be displayed
  i.e.. XML files are created thinking in terms of
  document structure and not appearance).

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Elements of XML Language

• An element of XML is a start tag, an end tag and
  data between.
  E.g..
  ltdirectorgtEd Woodlt/directorgt
• Attributes may also be assigned to element by
  tags.
  E.g.. ltdirectorHollywoodgtEd
  Woodlt/directorgt
  (Unlike in HTML tags are
  case-senstive)
• Sample XML Document (Well-formed).
• Sample XML Document (Valid).

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• lt?xml version"1.0"?gt
• ltdocgt
• ltburnsgtSayltquotegtgoodnightlt/quotegt,
• Gracie.lt/burnsgt
• ltallengtltquotegtGoodnight,
• Gracie.lt/quotegtlt/allengt
• ltapplause/gt
• lt/docgt

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• 1 lt?xml version"1.0"?gt
• 2 lt!DOCTYPE PARENT
• 3 lt!ELEMENT PARENT (CHILD)gt
• 4 lt!ELEMENT CHILD (MARK?,NAME)gt
• 5 lt!ELEMENT MARK EMPTYgt
• 6 lt!ELEMENT NAME (LASTNAME,FIRSTNAME)gt
• 7 lt!ELEMENT LASTNAME (PCDATA)gt
• 8 lt!ELEMENT FIRSTNAME (PCDATA)gt
• 9 lt!ATTLIST MARK
• NUMBER ID REQUIRED
• LISTED CDATA FIXED "yes"
• TYPE (naturaladopted) "natural"gt
• 10 lt!ENTITY STATEMENT "This is well-formed
  XML"gt
• 11 gt

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• ltPARENTgt
• STATEMENT
• ltCHILDgt
• ltMARK NUMBER"1" LISTED"yes" TYPE"natural"/gt
• ltNAMEgt
• ltLASTNAMEgtchildlt/LASTNAMEgt
• ltFIRSTNAMEgtsecondlt/FIRSTNAMEgt
• lt/NAMEgt
• lt/CHILDgt
• lt/PARENTgt

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Efficiency of XML in Information Retrieval

• Meaningful Markup
• Single approach can accommodate document and data
  structures and integrates both within documents.
• Enables transfer of data between applications
• Structural similarity to HTML simplifies
  implementation using traditional web servers/
  browser applications CGI and java.
• ...

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• Files can be processed purely as data - enabling
  it to be stored or displayed.
• Files are text verbose - allows easy debugging
• It license-free, platform independent well
  supported.
• 
  .

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WIRELESS MARKUP LANGUAGE

• It is an annotation technique that allows the
  text portions of Web pages to be presented on
  cellular telephone and personal digital
  assistants (personal digital assistant) via
  wireless access.
• WML is part of the Wireless Application Protocol
  (WAP) that is being proposed by several vendors
  to standards bodies.
• It is formerly called HDML (Handheld Devices
  Markup Language) .
• 
  .

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• Just like HTML and XML, WML is read and
  interpreted by a browser built into the WAP
  device.
• For WAP devices, the browser is commonly called a
  micro browser which has inherently limited
  capabilities compared to the web browser.
• Though HTML can be used WML is used as it has
  lesser bandwidth resources.
• Also WML uses lesser power to process compared to
  HTML.
• 
  .

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TEXT ENCODING INITIATIVE

• Definition
• TEI is an international project to develop
  guidelines for the preparation and interchange of
  electronic texts for scholarly research.

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Need for a common encoding scheme

• Till the TEI project was undertaken there has not
  been any common encoding format for scholarly
  machine-readable texts.
• None of the existing encoding schemes has been
  able to gain acceptance as a standard.

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Origin of TEI factors contributing to it

• TEI arose out of a planning conference convened
  by ACH at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York
  in November 1987
• Factor I More is known now about the problems
  of text encoding than at the time of previous
  attempts
• Factor II The recently developed Standard
  Generalized Markup Language (SGML) seemed to be
  the ideal text-encoding scheme.

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Objectives of TEI

• A. To specify a common interchange format for
  machine readable texts
• B. To provide a set of recommendations for
  encoding new textual materials.
• C. To document the major existing encoding
  schemes

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Why TEI chose SGML ?

• Easier to borrow syntax from an existing scheme.
• The syntax must be relatively simple and must
  allow for user-defined extensions to the
  pre-defined set of tags.
• SGML was soon shown to meet all the requirements
  of the TEI
• SGML also permits usage of multiple tag- sets in
  the same text.
• 
  .

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References

• HTML http//www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/W
  WW/HTMLPrimer.html
• XML http//www.w3.org/XML/
• WML http//www.allnetdevices.com/faq/
• TEI http//www.uic.edu/orgs/tei/