Title: Taxonomy, biology and physiology of fungi
1Taxonomy, biology and physiology of fungi
- Course Advanced Clinical Microbiology (508701)
- Lecturer Kanya Preechasuth
- Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of AMS, CMU
2Objectives
- Introduction of fungi
- Biology of fungi
- Cell structure, growth and development
- Physiology of fungi
- Nutrition, Temp, UV light, and water
- Classification of fungi
3Introduction of fungi
- Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic (chemoheterotrophic)
microorganism - No chlorophyll, non-motile
- Thread of cells (hyphae), transverse cell walls
(septate), hyphal anastomosis - Storage compound glycogen
4Introduction of fungi
- Other characteristics of fungi
- the ability to synthesize lysine by the ?-amino
adipic acid pathway (AAA-pathway) - possession of a chitinous cell wall
- plasma membranes containing the sterol ergosterol
- and microtubules composed of tubulin.
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6Structure
- Cell wall
- Plasma membrane
- Microtubules
- Nucleus
7Fungal wall
- Shape of fungi
- Protect against osmotic lysis
- It the wall contains pigments (melanin) ? protect
the cell against ultraviolet radiation or the
lytic enzymes of other organisms - It can have antigenic properties
8Cell wall components
- Predominance of polysaccharides, lesser amounts
of proteins and lipids
9Table 1 Major polysaccharide components of fungal
walls
- Division
- Oomycota
- Chytridiomycota
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota/
- deuteromycota
- Basidiomycota
Fibrillar components Cellulose, ?(1,3)-
?(1,6)-glucans Chitin, glucan Chitin,
chitosan Chitin, ?(1,3)-?(1,6)- glucans Chitin,
?(1,3)- ?(1,6)- glucans
Matrix components Glucan Glucan Polyglucoronic
acid, glucuronomannoproteins ?-(1,3)-Glucan,
galacto- mannoproteins ,,
10Cell wall components
- The major polysaccharides of cell wall matrix
consist of glucans such as manans, chitosan, and
galactans - Glucan refers to a group of D-glucose polymers
having glycosidic bonds - Insoluble ?-glucans are apparently amorphous in
cell wall - Mannans, galactomannans, rhamnomannans are
responsible for the immunologic response to the
medically important yeasts and molds
11Cell wall components
- Consisting of chitinous microfibrils embedded in
the matrix of small polysaccharides, proteins,
lipids, inorganic salts, and pigments - Chitin is a (?1-4)-linked polymer of
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) - Produced in cytosol (from UDP GlcNAc into chains
of chitin by chitin synthetase) - The chitin microfibrils are transported to the
plasmalemma and subsequently integrated into the
new cell wall
12Cell wall components
- In addition to chitin, glucan, and mannan, cell
walls may contain lipid, protein, chitosan, acid
phosphatase, amylase, protease, melanin, and
inorganic ions (phosphorus, calcium, and
magnesium) - The outer cell wall of dermatophytes contains
glycopeptides that may evoke both immediate and
delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity
13Plasma membrane
- The main role of the plasma membrane
- To regulate the uptake and release of materials
- Integral membrane protein (chitin syntase, glucan
syntase) - Signal transduction
14Plasma membrane
- Similar to mammalian plasma membrane, differing
in having the nonpolar sterol ergosterol, rather
than cholesterol - regulates the passage of materials into and out
of the cell by being selective permeable - Several antifungal agents interfere with
ergosterol synthesis (i.e., amphotericin B)
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16Microtubules
- Composed of the protein tubulin, which consists
of a dimer composed of two protein subunits. - Microtubules are long, hollow cylinders 25 nm
in diameter - Involved in the movement of organelles,
chromosomes, nuclei, and Golgi vesicle containing
cell wall precursor
17Microtubules
- Assist in the movement of chromosomes during
mitosis and meiosis - the destruction of cytoplasmic microtubules
interferes with the transport of secretory
materials to the cell periphery, which may
inhibit cell wall synthesis
18Nucleus
- The nucleus is bounded by a double nuclear
envelope and contains chromatin and a nucleolus - Fungal nuclei are variable in size, shape, and
number - The number of chromosomes varies with the
particular fungus - S.cerevisiae 18 (n)
- T.mentagophytes 4 (n)
19The growth of hyphae
- Apical extension
- Balance between wall synthesis and wall lysis
- The apical vesicles (Spitzenkörper) are produced
from Golgi bodies and then transported to the tip
Spitzenkörper (apical body)
20- The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane at the
tip, and release their contents. - enzymes involved in wall synthesis, (chitin
syntase, glucan synthase) - enzymes involved in wall lysis,
- enzyme activators,
- some preformed wall polymers such as mannoproteins
21Hyphal anastomosis
- Vegetative hyphal fusion in common in higher
fungi - Involves the growth of hyphae toward each other
22Physiology
- Aeration
- Nutrition
- Water
- Temperature
- Hydrogen ion
- Light
23Aeration
- The fungi include species that are obligately
aerobic (eg. most Zygomycota), obligately
anaerobic (eg. rumen fungi) - Organisms can obtain energy by oxidative
(respiratory) metabolism or by fermentation - O2 is used for oxidative metabolism to generate
energy. However it is essential for biosynthesis
of sterols, unsaturated fatty acids and some
vitamins
24Table 2 Energy metabolism in relation to O2
requirements
- Obligately oxidative. Obligate aerobes. Exp.
Rhodotorula - Facultatively fermentative. Energy can be
obtained by oxidative and fermentative processed
such fungi are likely to be faculative anaerobes.
Oxidative metabolism, provides much more energy
than fermentative, so higher yields can occur
under aerobic conditions. Exp. Mucor,
Saccharomyces - Obiligately fermentative. Oxygen is not needed
for energy production , may be either harmless or
toxic. Exp. Blastocladia, Neocallimastix -
25Diagrammatic representation of the mixed-acid
fermentation of the rumen chytrid Neocallimastix.
Part of the fermentation occurs in the cytosol
and hydrogenosome
Hydrogenosome functionally equivalent to the
mitochondria of aerobic organisms
26The nutrient requirement of fungi
- Carbon needs for the synthesis of carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. - Simple sugars, polysaccharides, citric acid,
glycerol - Nitrogen for synthesis of amino acids for
proteins, purines and pyrimidines for nucleic
acids, glucosamine for chitin, and various
vitamins - Amino acid, ammonium, nitrate
27Nutrition
- C/N ratio (201)
- Other elements
- P energy-rich compound metabolism, phospholipid
in lipid bilayer - K coenzyme
- Mg concer with sporulation
- S protein component
- Trace elements
- Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn
28Nutrition
29Czapek-Dox medium widely
used for the culture of fungi
- Mineral base
- C and energy source
- N source
- Water
- If a solid medium is required
KH2PO4 MgSO4.7H2O KCl FeSO4.7H2O Sucrose
(Glu,starch) NaNO3 Agar
1 g 0.5 g 0.5 g 0.01 g 30 g 2 g 1 litre 20 g
30Water availability
- Most fungi require very high water availability
(relative humidity), and rapidly dry out or
senescence in dry conditions. - Water activity (aw) ps/pw (pure
water 1) - DNA is denatured at aw 0.55
- Osmophiles 0.85, Xerophiles 0.80, Halophiles 0.75
- The xerotolerant fungi can grow slowly, at water
activity of 0.64.
31Temperature
32Hydrogen ion
- Opt. pH 5.0-7.0
- Acid-tolerant (pH 2.0)? Aspergillus, Penicillium,
Fusarium, yeast in stomach of animals - Strongly alkaline environment (pH 10-11) ?
F.oxysporum, P.variabile
33Light
- Influence on fungal growth in specific cases
- light does not play a major part in growth and
metabolism of fungi - A common metabolic effect of light is the
induction of carotenoid biosynthesis
34Morphology
- Yeast
- Unicellular, round or oval, size 8-15 x 3-5 µm
- Conidiogenesis (budding, binary fission, sexual
spores)
Budding yeasts
Binary fission
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36Morphology
- Mold
- Multicellular, hyphae, septate nonseptate,
hyaline dematiaceous, diameter 4-20 µm - Sexual and asexual reproduction
Hyaline septate hyphae
Dematiaceous septate hyphae
Hyaline aseptate hyphae
37Morphology
- Dimorphic fungi (thermally dimorphic fungi)
Environment/Routine culture media (SDA) 25-300C
---Mold form Tissue/Enriched media (BHI)
35-370C---Yeast form
Sporothrix schenckii
38Morphology
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40Classification of fungi
- Kingdom Fungi
- Division -mycota
- Subdivision -mycotina
- Class -mycetae
- Subclass -mycetes
- Order -ales
- Family -aceae
- Genus --------
- Species --------
41Classification of fungi
- Four major division of fungi, base on the type of
sexual spores (ascospore, basidiospore,
zygospore, oosore), plus another group, which
have no know sexual state. - Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Zygomycota
- Chytridiomycota
- Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi)
42- Sexual reproductive structures, which are
referred to as teleomorphs - reflect phylogenetic relationships because they
are based upon structures that form following
meiosis - Asexual reproductive structures, which are
referred to as anamorphs - does not reflect phylogenetic relationships
43For example, the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces
dermatitidis
- Anamorph hyphae, conidia at 250C and budding
yeast cell at 370C - The name B.dermatitidis summarizes these two
anamorphs - Teleomorph sexual fruiting body, called a
gymnothecium, containing ascospores - The name that is used for this sexual form or
teleomorph is Ajellomyces dermatitidis
44Sexual reproduction
Gametes or gametic nuclei (n)
n (monokaryon)
n (haploid)
Plasmogamy (cell fusion)
Meiosis
nn (dikaryon)
2n (diploid)
Karyogamy (nuclear fusion)
Zygote (2n)
45Division Ascomycota
- Common name Sac fungi
- Sexual reproduction ascospore in ascus
- Asci may form in fruiting body called an ascocarp
- Gymnothecium, Cleistothecium, Perithecium,
Apothecium - Asexual reproduction conidia, arthospore,
budding - septate hyphae or yeast
- Eurotium (Aspergillus)., Arthroderma
(Trichophyton)
46Life cycle of ascomycetes
Arthospore
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48Ascocarp
Cleistothecium
Gymnothecium
Perithecium
Apothecium
49Life cycle of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
a
c
b
50Division Basidiomycota
- Common name Club fungi, mushroom
- Sexual reproduction basidiospore
- Asexual reproductionbudding
- hyphae with dolipore septum or yeast
- clamp connection
- Mushroom basidiocarp, fruiting body
- Filobasidiella neoformans (no basidiocarp) or
Crytococcus neoformans
51Clamp connection
52Life cycle of basidiomycetes
53Amanita phalloides
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54Division Zygomycota
- Common name Bread molds
- Sexual reproduction Zygospore
- Mating type , mating type -
- Asexual reproduction Sporangiospore, sporangium
- coenocytic hyphae (aseptate hyphae)
- Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Asidia sp.
55Life cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer
56Division Chytidiomycota
- Common name Water molds
- Sexual reproduction Oospore
- Asexual reproduction Zoospore, zoosporangium,
flagella - aseptate hyphae
- Phythium insidiosum
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59Deuteromycota
- Common name Imperfect fungi
- have no known sexual state in life cycle
- Asexual reproduction conidia (blastic, thallic)
- septate hyphae or yeast
- Human pathogenic fungi dermatophytes,
- dimorphic fungi
60Conidiogenesis
Blastic the conidium originate from a narrow
portion of the region which swells
before being cut off by a septum
Phialophora
Cladosporium
Curvularia
Penicillium
Scopulariopsis
61Blastic conidiogenesis
- Acropetal conidia
- Sympodia condia
- Poroconidia
- Phialoconidia
- Anneloconidia
62Conidiogenesis
Thallic the conidium arise from a broad zone of
the region and septa laid down
before the conidium swells
Candida albicans
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Geotrichum
63Thallic conidiogenesis
- Arthoconidia
- Thallic solitary conidia
- Chlamydoconidia (chlamydosprore)