Body of Knowledge of Modeling

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EMSS 2006-2nd European Modeling Simulation
Symposium 2006 October 4-6, Barcelona, Spain
Body of Knowledge of Modeling Simulation
(MSBOK) Pragmatic Aspects
Tuncer Ören, Professor Emeritus MSNet - McLeod
Modeling and Simulation Network of the SCS AVP
for Ethics of the SCS AVP for Student Chapters of
the SCS University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/
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This presentation is based on a two hour
presentation of the same topic Modeling and
simulation (MS) A comprehensive view an
introduction to the Body of Knowledge (Barcelona
lectures-1, October 16, 2006) which will be
available at http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/ind
ex-conf/confs_2000s.htm Please visit the site and
volunteer to be a member of the Review Committee
of the MSBOK.
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Until we attempt to simulate a system, we dont
realize how little we know about it Donald Knuth
Man who wish to know about the world must learn
about it in its particular details. Heraclitus
of Ephesus
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The MSBOK Development Project

• A body of knowledge of the modeling and
  simulation is being developed under the auspices
  of the National Training Systems Association
  (NTSA).
• The development is available on the website of
  the project version 4.0 (as of September)
• http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/MSBOK/MSBOK-index
  .htm
• References are arranged
• by author or by topics.

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Aim To discuss highlights of Knowledge Needed
for MS Studies Especially Core
Elements of MSBOK Core Elements of
Supporting Domains Knowledge of Application
Areas Scope as well as richness of MS
Military and Civilian Views Demand-based
Push Advancement-based Pull And get your
feedback ( -) Need also to cover Introduction
Motivations and Rationale Background
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom (Stakeholders)? 1.2 BOK of
Related Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background
2.1 Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3.
Scope of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS (from
different points of view) 3.2 Demand-based
Push Advancement-based Pull 4. Knowledge Needed
for MS Studies 4.1 Knowledge of
Application Areas 4.2 Core Elements of
Supporting Domains 4.3 Core Elements of
MSBOK
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1.1
Body of Knowledge is "Structured knowledge
that is used by members of a discipline to guide
their practice or work. The prescribed
aggregation of knowledge in a particular area an
individual is expected to have mastered to be
considered or certified as a practitioner.
B. Waites pragmatic view BOK is a
stepping stone to unifying community.
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1.1
Development of the Body of Knowledge for the
modeling and simulation (MS) profession is an
activity for which time is ripe

• (1) There is enough science, technology, and
  even craftsmanship accumulated.
• (2) The importance of simulation has been well
  established.
• There are over 100 associations, groups and
  centers for MS professionals
• http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/links-MS-AG.htm

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1.1

• Large number of professionals are active in MS.
• Some of them are members of the above mentioned
  professional societies and
• for some, MS is very much interwoven in their
  professional lives.
• (5) In academia, for each MS course
  undergraduate or graduate there are several
  other non-simulation courses with strong MS
  content.
• (6) Simulation is used in many important
  application areas.

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1.1
Stakeholders in MS
Those affected by the results
Customers / Users
Sponsors
Agents / Managers / Administrators
Technical specialists
(Pre / post) Support staff
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS 3.2
Demand-based Push Advancement-based Pull 4.
Knowledge Needed for MS Studies 4.1
Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2 Core
Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3 Core
Elements of MSBOK
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For the following disciplines, their respective
BOKs are well established or under
development Systems engineering Information
systems engineering Software engineering
Information technology Project management
Body of Quality Knowledge New Product
Development Body of Knowledge An interesting
aspect of these disciplines is that they are,
like MS, applicable in wide areas of disciplines
and applications. http//www.site.uottawa.ca/or
en/MSBOK/refs-byTopics.htm1
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies / another ongoing work 2.2
Possible Uses 3. Scope of MS 3.1
Perceptions of MS 3.2 Demand-based Push
Advancement-based Pull 4. Knowledge Needed for
MS Studies 4.1 Knowledge of Application
Areas 4.2 Core Elements of Supporting
Domains 4.3 Core Elements of MSBOK
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An early study by the Technical Committee on
Simulation of the IEEE Computer Society.
On-going work via SimSummit (2001-2006,
AEgis) sim-summit.org/BOK/BOK_homePage.htm
Other studies http//www.site.uottawa.ca
/oren/MSBOK/refs-byTopics.htm2
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS 3.2
Demand-based Push Advancement-based Pull 4.
Knowledge Needed for MS Studies 4.1
Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2 Core
Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3 Core
Elements of MSBOK
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Possible users of MSBOK
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MSBOK may also help to enlarge our horizon!
The smaller a man, the closer his
horizons. John McLeod, founder of SCS
Or emphasizing the positive aspect The
greater a man, the larger his horizons.
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS (elaborated
for the lecture) 3.2 Demand-based Push
Advancement-based Pull 4. Knowledge Needed for
MS Studies 4.1 Knowledge of Application
Areas 4.2 Core Elements of Supporting
Domains 4.3 Core Elements of MSBOK
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• MS from Different Perspectives

Simulation, derived from Latin simulacre has
several images - Non-scientific view - To
gain Experience -- In entertainment,
training - To perform Experimentation
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• - Non-scientific view of simulation

Simulation means fake, counterfeit, or
imitation (used since 14th century) Examples
simulated leather, simulated pearl
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From the point of view of gaining
Experience, Simulation is used for
-Entertainment experience is limited to fun
only. -Training (gaining competency through
experience)
The term serious games is used to distinguish -
simulation games used for training from -
simulation games used for entertainment.
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Serious Games

• A serious game is a goal-directed interactive
  computer program used to provide experience under
  controlled conditions necessary for training and
  education to get a skill, knowledge, or attitude.
  
• A score can measure the degree of success.

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Training (gaining competency through
experience)
(Military as well as civilian perception)
3 types of simulation are used in
three types of training For live training
Live simulation For constructive training
Constructive simulation (gaming
simulation) For virtual training Virtual
simulation (simulators, virtual
simulators)
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• - From experimentation point of view

Simulation is goal-directed experimentation
with dynamic models.
When the experimentation cannot or should not be
done on the real system, one can perform it
even under extreme conditions using a dynamic
model and hence use simulation.
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Use of experimentation for Decision Support
Prediction of behavior or performance of the
system of interest within the constraints
inherent in the simulation model (e.g.,
granularity - detail) Evaluation of alternative
models, parameters, experimental and/or
operating conditions on model behavior or
performance Sensitivity analysis Engineering
design Prototyping (virtual prototyping) Planning
Acquisition (simulation-based
acquisition) Proof of concept Predictive displays
to support real system operations On-line
diagnosis
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Simulation as a model-based activity

• In addition to generation of model behavior, the
  following can be considered
• computer-aided modelling (model composability)
• model-base management (for reusability)
• parameter-base management
• symbolic processing of models
• (each with its own consequences)

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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Military and Other Views
3.2 Demand-based Pull Advancement-based
Push 4. Knowledge Needed for MS Studies
4.1 Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2
Core Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3
Core Elements of MSBOK
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Demand-based Pull
Higher expectations from the advanced users
community are very desirable for the MS
discipline and will definitely influence
advancement of the field (even in short-trrm).
We raised the bar now we have to have to leap
to new heights (S. Numrich 2004, 2006)
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Advancement-based Push
Interest areas in MS are shifting with the
advan-cements in enabling technologies such as
types of computers, advances in software
engineering, and application of system theoretic
bases. System-theory based simulation has been
advocated since early 1970s (Ören 1971 Zeigler
1976, 1984, Elzas). The fact that DEVS
(Discrete Event System Specification) formalism
developed by Zeigler (1984) is well accepted by
the simulation community (both researchers and
advanced practitioners) is one of the signs of
maturity of the field of MS.
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS 3.2
Demand-based Push Advancement-based Pull 4.
Knowledge Needed for MS Studies 4.1
Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2 Core
Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3 Core
Elements of MSBOK
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Simulation is used in hundreds of application
areas. Application domain knowledge is
essential!
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS 3.2
Demand-based Push Advancement-based Pull 4.
Knowledge Needed for MS Studies 4.1
Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2 Core
Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3 Core
Elements of MSBOK
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Supporting Science Areas        - Systems
Science        - Physics        - Differential
Equations        - Numerical Analysis        -
Probability        - Statistics        - Queuing
Theory        - Computer Science        -
Artificial Intelligence        - Software Agents
Supporting Engineering Areas          - Systems
Engineering         - Software Engineering
        - Visualization Supporting Management
Areas         - Enterprise management         -
Project Management         - Product Management
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Plan
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS 3.2
Demand-based Push Advancement-based Pull 4.
Knowledge Needed for MS Studies 4.1
Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2 Core
Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3 Core
Areas of MSBOK
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MSBOK - Core Areas MS Perceptions From
Different Perspectives MS Science/methodology  
      - Data, Models, Experimentation, Model
behavior MS Life cycle for experimentation MS
Life cycle for experience MS Technology MS
Infrastructure MS Reliability MS Ethics MS
History MS Lessons learned MS Trends and
challenges MS Enterprise MS Maturity MS
Terminology
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MSBOK - Core Areas MS Science/methodology     
   - Data, - Models, -
Experimentation, - Model behavior
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data
Ören, T.I.  (2001b Invited Paper).  Impact of
Data on Simulation From Early Practices to
Federated and Agent-Directed Simulations.  In A.
Heemink et al. (eds.) Proc. of EUROSIM 2001, June
26-29, 2001, Delft, the Netherlands.
(presentation).
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MSBOK - Core Areas MS Science/methodology
- Models
1. Fundamental issues     - types of system
problems concerning models     - variables     -
complexity     - modeling approaches for
decomposition of problems 2. Modeling
formalisms/schemas     - conceptual modeling    
- taxonomies and ontologies of modeling
formalisms 3. Model processing
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From a systemic point of view, simulation can be
used to find the values of output, input, or
state variables of a system provided that the
values of the two other types of variables are
known. (Karplus 1976).
input variable
output variable
state variable
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input variable
output variable
state variable
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A list of Over 100 Types of Variables (from the
MS dictionary) http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/S
CS_MSNet/simDic.htm
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Consider types of inputs in modeling and
simulation
Input (stimulation or triggering) of a system can
be Externally generated (exogenous) or
Internally generated (endogenous)
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Includes building and using model bases and
model repositories, model analysis, and
model transformation model integration (model
synthesis, model composition)
Model analysis consists of model
characterization (Descriptive model analysis) and
model evaluation (Evaluative model analysis)
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Model characterization (Descriptive model
analysis)
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Model evaluation (Evaluative model analysis)
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with respect to Another model (Model comparison)
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Acceptability of a model with respect to its
technical system specification
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Model Transformation
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Experimentation
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Model Behavior
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Types of Simulation Based on the Generation
Characteristics of Model Behavior Procedure
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Types of Simulation Based on the Generation
Characteristics of Model Behavior Procedure
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Types of Simulation Based on the Generation
Characteristics of Model Behavior
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Other Topics for Model Behavior Generation and
Processing
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MS Infrastructure
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MS - Computerization
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MSBOK User/System Interfaces
A recent reference
Ören, T.I. and L. Yilmaz (2005).  Quality
Principles for the Ergonomics of Human-Computer
Interfaces of Modeling and Simulation Software,
Proceedings of SIMCHI'05 - 2005 International
Conference on Human-Computer Interface Advances
for Modeling and Simulation, January 23 - 25,
2005, New Orleans, Louisiana, pp. 5-11.
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Reliability - Types of errors in the following
should be considered in a systematic way
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Ethics (for individuals organizations)
http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/SCS_Ethics/ethics
.htm
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MSBOK MS history
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Two Internet sites for further information

• By SimSummit
• http//www.sim-summit.org/BoK/BoK_HomePage.htm
• By Ören under the aegis of NTSA
• (while an MSBOK is being developed)
• http//www.site.uottawa.ca/oren/MSBOK/MSBOK-ind
  ex.htm

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We Have Seen
1. MSBOK Introduction 1.1 What, Why
For Whom? 1.2 BOK of Related
Disciplines 2. MSBOK Background 2.1
Early Studies 2.2 Possible Uses 3. Scope
of MS 3.1 Perceptions of MS 3.2
Demand-based Push Advancement-based Pull 4.
Knowledge Needed for MS Studies 4.1
Knowledge of Application Areas 4.2 Core
Elements of Supporting Domains 4.3 Core
Elements of MSBOK
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Your views sent to Dr. Tuncer Ören
oren_at_site.uottawa.ca will be very much
appreciated.
Many Thanks