History of Music

1
History of Music

• Lecture IV
• The Classical Era

2
Todays Objective

• I will be able to trace the changes to music from
  the Baroque era to the Classical era.

3
Classical Music

• Remember
• Theres classical music
• and then theres
• CLASSICAL music

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Classical Music

• History
• Baroque vs. Classical
• Sonata Form
• Forms
• Vocal
• Instrumental
• Composers

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Classical Music

• History
• 1750 1820 CE
• Europe
• North America

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Classical Music

• What was happening in Europe
• French Revolution
• Hot Air Balloons
• Napoleon

7
Classical Music

• What was happening in America
• American Revolution
• Declaration Constitution
• Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, etc.
• War of 1812
• Louisiana Purchase
• Lewis Clark

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Classical Music

• People find more leisure time
• Patronage system begins to end
• Public access to music (concerts)
• Vienna is center of music in Europe
• Viennese style

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Baroque vs. Classical

• Baroque
• Intricate
• Technical
• Ornate (Trills)
• Fast
• Polyphonic
• Emotional/Dramatic
• Emphasis Vocal

• Classical
• Simple
• Lighter
• Balanced
• Graceful
• Homophonic
• Less emotional
• Emphasis Instrumental

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Classical Music

• Absolute Music
• Music for musics sake
• Not dancing, church, or special occasions, etc.
• Concert halls

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Classical Music

• Sonata form
• Common element of Classical music
• Not just found in sonatas

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Classical Music

• Sonata form
• 3 general components
• Exposition (introduce theme)
• Development (develop theme creatively)
• Recapitulation (resolve back to theme)

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Classical Music

• Classical Music REBELS!!!
• Revolution (French, American, etc.)
• Classical music is in some ways a revolution
  against Baroque music

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Classical Music

• Forms
• Vocal Music
• Instrumental Music

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Classical Music

• Vocal Music
• Becomes less important
• Opera
• Less patrons less
• Less less opera productions
• Operas still written but mostly enjoyed by the
  wealthy

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Classical Music

• Vocal Music
• Where late Baroque showcased the skills of the
  vocalist (arias),
• Classical music showcased the skills of the
  instrumental soloist.

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Classical Music

• Changes to Classical opera
• Less arias
• More instrumental interludes between the singing
• More choral singing

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Classical Music

• Changes to Classical opera
• Less opera seria (serious)
• More opera buffa (comic)
• Ballad opera

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Classical Music

• Ballad opera
• English
• Made fun of Italian opera of Baroque era
• Used common folk tunes
• Some parts spoken instead of sung
• No recitative

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Classical Music

• Famous Classical operas (composer)
• Marriage of Figaro (Mozart)
• Don Giovanni (Mozart)
• The Magic Flute (Mozart)

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Classical Music

• Famous Classical operas (composer)
• The Barber of Seville (Rossini)
• William Tell (Rossini)
• The Beggars Opera (John Gay)

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Classical Music

• Instrumental Music
• Symphony
• Concerto
• Sonata
• Chamber music

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Classical Music

• Symphony
• Sounding together
• Most important form of Classical music
• Sinfonia of the Baroque era
• Operas, concertos, sonatas, etc.

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Classical Music

• Symphony
• Modern orchestra born!
• More strings
• More woodwinds
• Brass gets a greater role (more melodic)
• Piano replaces harpsichord

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Classical Music

• Symphony
• Form
• 3 movement (concerto) becomes
• 4 movements (symphony)
• F S ¾ - F

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Classical Music

• Symphony Form
• Fast (Allegro)
• Slow
• ¾ (Minuet or Scherzo)
• Fast (Allegro or Rondo)

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Classical Music

• Symphony Form
• Contrasting movements

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Classical Music

• Composers
• Haydn 104 symphonies
• Mozart 41 symphonies
• Beethoven 9 symphonies (!)

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Classical Music

• Concerto
• Becomes a solo instrument with orchestral
  accompaniment
• Shows off the soloists skills
• Like the aria of an opera
• Cadenza

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Classical Music

• Concerto
• Cadenza
• Orchestra stops playing
• Soloist shows off

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Classical Music

• Concerto
• Form
• Remains F-S-F form

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Classical Music

• Sonata
• Down to 1 -2 instruments
• Lost the orchestra
• 3 parts (Sonata Form)
• Exposition
• Development
• Recapitulation

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Classical Music

• Sonata
• Many famous piano sonatas
• Haydn 62
• Mozart - 18
• Beethoven - 32

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Classical Music

• Chamber Music
• Small group of SOLO instruments
• Not for an orchestra
• Not for vocal or instrumental soloist

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Classical Music

• Chamber Music
• Normally 2 8 instruments (parts)
• All parts equally important
• Lots of strings woodwinds
• Ex a string quartets is a form of chamber music

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Classical Music

• Chamber Music
• No continuo
• Each part (including the bass) specifically
  written our for harmony

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Classical Music

• Chamber Music
• Form
• 4 movements
• F S ¾ - F
• 1st, 2nd, and 4th, Sonata form

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• 1732- 1809
• Austria
• Early Classical
• Father of
• Symphony
• Sonata Form
• Chamber Music

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Early Life
• Born in poverty
• Parents had 12 kids
• No musical family members
• No formal training
• No virtuosity on any 1 instrument

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Multiple music jobs
• Teaching music
• Street performer
• 1754
• Lukavec, Austria
• Music director for Count Maxilian von Morzin

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Love
• Falls in love with a student
• Girl becomes a nun
• Haydn marries sister
• Maria Anna Keller
• Infernal beast

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Love
• Although married, they lived separately
• She had no love of music or respect for Haydns
  talent

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Esterhazy Period
• 1761
• Mozin disbands the band
• Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy picks him up

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Esterhazy Period
• Paul dies, brother Nikolaus steps in
• Great Gig!!
• 400 seat theater
• Private orchestra
• 30 years

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Esterhazy
• Serious work
• 2 daily performances
• 2 operas 2 concerts EACH week
• Etc.

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Considered a genius throughout Europe
• Visits Vienna
• Meets Mozart
• Become good friends
• Influenced each other

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• 1790
• Nikolaus dies
• Son is more into art
• Haydn travels
• Meets Beethoven
• Gives him lessons

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• London
• 1792 gets invited to London to compose symphonies
• 94 Surprise Symph.
• Nikolauss grandson invites Haydn back

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Late life
• Retires 1802
• 1808 Salieri conducts a concert in his honor
• Dies 1809
• Mozarts Requiem

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Wrote the most!!
• 104 symphonies
• 90 string quartets
• 62 piano sonatas
• 23 operas
• Etc.

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Franz Joseph Haydn

• Odd story
• Friend of Haydn wants to study skull
• Skull not returned
• Recovered 1839
• 1954 Reunited!!

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• 1756 - 1791
• High Classical
• Amadeus
• Gods beloved
• Awesome at it all
• Over 600 compositions

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Early Life
• Father Leopold
• Violinist to Archbishop in Salzburg
• Only two children
• One sister (Nannerl)
• Prodigy at age 4

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Early Life
• Tours Europe at age 6
• First symphonies at 8
• First opera at 9
• Salzburg at 16
• Forced to work for Archbishop for a living

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Vienna
• Booted by Archbishop
• Age 25
• Weber family
• Loves one daughter
• Marries younger sister Constanze

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Personal Life
• Only 2 children survived infancy
• Poor!
• Borrowed a lot
• 1787 Father dies
• 31 years old

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Sheer talent
• Keyboards
• Excelled at all types of musical composition
• Composed multiple pieces in his head at once

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Late Life
• Composed some of greatest works
• Don Giovanni
• Magic Flute
• Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
• Last 3 symphonies

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Late Life
• Count Franz von Walsegg sends letter to
  commission a requiem for dead wife
• (not Salieri)

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• Late Life
• Mozart horribly ill with many ailments
• Dies Dec. 7, 1791
• Remains moved ()
• No one really knows where he is now

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• 1770-1827
• Late Classical
• Early Romantic
• One of the most influential composers

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Attitude
• Wrote to a prince
• There are a thousand princes. There is only one
  Beethoven.

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• Born in Bonn
• Beethoven means beet garden
• Miserable childhood

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• Son of alcoholic
• Father planned on him being the next Mozart
• Beat him while playing
• Forced to play for fathers drunk friends

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• Clumsy as a kid
• No friends
• Only happiness was mother

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• Mastered
• Violin
• Piano (!)
• Organ
• Horn

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• Published first work at 11
• First job at 14
• Deputy Court Organist

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• Mother dies (17)
• Loses job due to fathers drinking
• Plays viola in theater orchestra

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Early Life
• At 22, moves to Vienna
• Studies with Haydn
• Studies with Salieri
• Makes debut at 25
• Starts to go deaf

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Middle Life
• Writes some of most impressive work
• 3rd Symphony
• 5th Symphony
• Moonlight Sonata
• Beethoven believed in himself
• Turned down jobs to keep creative freedom

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Middle Life
• Becomes more deaf
• Becomes more irritable and sensitive
• Fell in love a lot
• Nothing serious
• Music comes first!!

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Middle Life
• Romantic music is all about the emotion!!
• Beethovens music moves from Classical to Romantic

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Late Life
• Becomes fully deaf (48)
• Doesnt write as much
• Finishes last 3 symph.
• 9th Symphony!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Never heard it outside of his imagination

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Ludwig van Beethoven

• Late Life
• Gets sick
• Dies during an electrical storm
• All of Vienna mourns
• Schools close
• People dont work
• Proper burial

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Whats left???

• Romantic era
• 1820 -1900
• 20th Century/Modern Music
• 1900 - today

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Romantic Era

• Beethoven
• Paganini
• Strauss
• Chopin
• Schuman
• Liszt

• Verdi
• Wagner
• Brahms
• Mussorgsky
• Tchaikovsky
• Puccini

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20th Century/Modern

• Rachmaninoff
• Ravel
• Bartok
• Stravinsky
• Villa-Lobos
• Prokofiev

• Gershwin
• Copland
• Shostakovich
• Bernstein
• Sondheim
• Williams

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Thank you

• I hope that you have gained something from this
  class.