ShiphandlingWatchstanding Seminar II

1
Shiphandling/Watchstanding Seminar II
2
Lesson Contents

• Shiphandling Theory
• Laws of Motion
• Controllable Forces
• Uncontrollable Forces
• Shiphandling
• Terminology
• Ground Tackle
• Getting Underway
• Single Screw Characteristics
• Twin Screw Characteristics
• Tug Handling
• Man Overboard Recovery

3
Shiphandling Theory Motion

• Various forces acting on the ship create
  movement.
• Newtons Laws of Motion
• 1. Unless acted upon by an outside force
• An object in motion tends to stay in motion.
• An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
• 2. The resulting motion of an object is the sum
  of all forces acting on it.
• 3. Every action has an equal and opposite
  reaction.

4
Shiphandling Theory Forces

• Controllable
• Propeller
• Rudder
• Bow Thruster/APU
• Mooring Lines
• Anchors
• Tugs

• Uncontrollable
• Wind
• Current/Tides
• Seas
• Water Depth

5
Controllable Forces
6
Propellers
Controllable Forces

• Provides the most important source of force on a
  ship.
• (Usually) makes ship go forward.
• Most ships have 2 propellers.
• Aircraft carriers / Patrol Craft have 4.
• Frigates have 1.

7
Propellers
Controllable Forces

• Forces resulting from the use of the propellers
• Forward (or reverse) thrust
• Side Force

8
Propeller Thrust
Controllable Forces

• A result of the propeller spinning on its shaft.
• Caused by a pressure differential between the
  opposite sides of the propeller blade.

9
Propeller Thrust
Controllable Forces
Resulting Thrust
Propeller Blade
10
Controlling Propeller Thrust
Controllable Forces

• Depends on type of propellers
• Fixed Pitch Propellers
• Controllable Pitch Propellers

11
Controllable Pitch Propellers
Controllable Forces

• Found on all gas turbine ships and some diesel
  amphibs
• 0 - 12 kts
• shaft rotates at 55 RPM
• thrust (speed) controlled by changing the pitch
  of the propeller blade

12
Controllable Pitch Propellers
Controllable Forces

• 12 kts
• thrust controlled by changing the speed (RPM) of
  the shaft.
• The shaft always spins in same direction whether
  going forward or backward.

13
Fixed Pitch Propellers
Controllable Forces

• Found on steam ships (carriers, subs, amphibs)
• Cannot change pitch of propeller
• Thrust (speed) controlled by changing speed of
  the shaft
• To go backwards, must stop shaft and spin the
  shaft in the opposite direction.

14
Side Force
Controllable Forces

• Causes stern to move sideways in the direction of
  propeller rotation.

Propeller
15
Controllable Forces
Side Force
Side
Side
Force
Force
Single Screw
Ahead
Astern
Going Ahead
Twin Screw
SideForce
Bottom
16
Screw Current
Controllable Forces

• Consists of two parts
• Suction Current - going into the propeller
• Discharge Current (Prop Wash)- comes out of the
  propeller

Acts on Rudder
Propeller
17
Rudders
Controllable Forces

• Used to control ships heading by moving the
  stern.
• To have an effect, must have a flow of water
  across the rudder.
• Normally this flow of water is the discharge
  current of the screw.

18
Rudder
Controllable Forces
Water Flow

• Acts a wing

19
Propellers / Rudders
Controllable Forces

• Primary means of controlling the stern

20
Pivot Point
Controllable Forces

• Imaginary point on the ships centerline about
  which the ship pivots

21
Controllable Forces
Pivot Point
Ship twisting with no way on.
22
Pivot Point
Controllable Forces

• Usually located 1/3 the length of the ship from
  the bow. (Just behind the bridge.)
• Pivot point is not fixed

23
Forces which affectlocation of the Pivot Point
Controllable Forces

• Headway or Sternway
• Ships Speed
• Anchors
• Mooring Lines
• Tugs

24
Wind
Uncontrollable Forces

• Acts on the sail area of the ship
• Exposed superstructure
• Hull structure
• Ships tend to back into the wind
• 30kts of wind 1kts of current

Current

• Acts on the underwater part of the ship.
• Creates set and drift.

25
Depth of Water
Uncontrollable Forces

• Squat - Occurs a high speeds
• bow of a ship rides up onto the bow wave
• stern of a ship tends to sink
• Shallow water effects.

26
SHIP TERMINOLOGY
Shiphandling

• Bow
• Stem
• Forecastle
• Hawsepipe
• Weather decks
• Draft
• Freeboard

• Superstructure
• Pilothouse
• Mast
• Yardarm
• Truck
• Stack
• Keel

• Shaft
• Propeller
• Rudder
• Stern
• Transom
• Waterline

27
SHIP TERMINOLOGY
Shiphandling
28
Turning Circle The path described by a ships
pivot point as it executes a 360 turn.
Shiphandling Terms
29
Turning Circle
Shiphandling Terms
30
Advance and Transfer
Shiphandling Terms

• Advance
• Distance gained toward the direction of the
  original course after the rudder is put over.
• Transfer
• Distance gained perpendicular to the original
  course after the rudder is put over.

31
Advance Transfer 90 Turn
Shiphandling Terms
32
Advance Transfer 180 Turn
Shiphandling Terms
33
Advance Transfer 360 Turn
Shiphandling Terms
Transfer
34
Shiphandling Terms

• Headway
• moving forward thru the water
• Sternway
• moving backwards thru the water
• Bare Steerageway
• the minimum speed a ship can proceed and still
  maintain course using the rudders

35
Mooring Lines
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
1
2
3
4
5
6
After Bow Spring
Forward Bow Spring
After Quarter Spring
Forward Quarter Spring
Spring Lines
36
Mooring Lines
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines

• Lines
• 1-6
• Lines 1 and 6 are thicker than others
• Mooring procedure
• fake out lines
• safety brief
• heaving lines

37
Mooring Lines
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines

• Terms
• Heaving Line
• Tattletale
• Fenders
• Capstan (p. 188 Seamanship)
• Rat Guards (p. 175 Seamanship)

38
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
Sequence

• Stand by lines
• Take in the slack
• Take a strain

• Slack
• Ease
• Take to the capstain

Commands

• Heave around
• Avast heaving
• Hold
• Check

• Double up
• Single up
• Take in

39
Safety
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines

• Battle dress
• Snap back zone
• Tugs
• Pilots ladder

40
Deck and Pier Fittings
Shiphandling Ground Tackle
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
Anchors
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Anchors

• Most common anchor
• Standard Navy Stockless
• Most ships have two
• Deep water anchor - 14 shots of chain
• Normal anchor - 12 shots of chain
• Shot - 15 fathoms (90 feet)

45
Scope of Chain
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Anchoring
15 fathoms
30 fathoms
45 fathoms
60 fathoms
46
Scope of Chain
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Anchoring
Next to Last Shot
Last Shot
47
Anchoring
Shiphandling Ground Tackle, Anchoring

• Approach
• Standby
• Let Go the Anchor
• Reports
• P. 194 (Seamanship)
• Anchor watch

48
Shiphandling Getting Underway, Mooring

• Concerns
• Watch the stern/pier
• Watch for other ships
• Winds / Currents
• Set on or set off pier?
• Using mooring lines and tugs as necessary to
  control bow / stern

49
The Ideal Approach
Shiphandling Getting Underway, Mooring

• Approach on a converging course 10 to 20 degrees
  from the heading of our berth.
• When parallel, swing the rudder opposite the
  pier, and stop the ship.
• Stop headway by backing outboard engine.
• Walk the ship in by tensioning line 1 twist
  the stern with the engines.

50
Less than Ideal Conditions
Shiphandling Getting Underway, Mooring

• Being Set On
• Stop parallel to the pier, with 1/2 a beam width
  of open water between you and the pier.
• Allow the current to push you onto the pier.
• Being Set Off
• Make your approach at a larger angle to the pier
  at a considerable speed.
• Be careful not to part your bow line.

51
Shiphandling Getting Underway, Mooring

• Easier than anchoring
• Buoy held securely by several anchors.
• Chance of dragging reduced.
• Two methods
• Ordinary
• Trolley

Requires MWB / RHIB with boat crew Your ship A
buoy
52
Conning Officer
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Drives the ships heading and speed through
  standard commands (orders) to the helm and
  leehelm
• Helm - controls the rudder
• Leehelm - controls the propellers

53
Basic Format
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Conning Officer
• Command
• Acknowledges Report

• Helm / Leehelm
• Verbatim Repeat back
• (Carries out command)
• Report

54
HELM CONSOLE
Shiphandling Standard Commands
55
ENGINE ORDER TELEGRAPH
Shiphandling Standard Commands
56
MODERN HELM CONSOLE
57
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Direction Either left, right or Rudder
  amidships

• Amount Expressed as a number of degrees of
  rudder (10, 15, etc.), or one of the following
  (nominal values given)
• Standard 15
• Full 30
• Hard 35(maximum rudder angle)

• Course 10 degree change

58
COMMANDS TO THE HELM
Shiphandling Standard Commands
Format
Example
-Direction
"Right. . ."
"Left. . ."
-Amount
". . standard rudder. . ."
". . .ten degrees rudder. . ."
-Course
". . .steady course two zero zero."
". . .steady on course one one five."
59
COMMANDS TO THE HELM
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Exception Course changes of 10 or less
• For small course changes, a specific rudder angle
  is not given. This allows the Helm to use up to
  10 of rudder to make the course change.
• The standard command is
• Direction Come right/left
• Course to steer Steer course ___

60
OTHER HELM COMMANDS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Desired action Increase or decrease rudder angle
  from a previously ordered angle
• Command
• Increase your rudder to ________
• Ease your rudder to _______
• Note Anytime a new rudder angle is ordered, a
  steering/steady course must be repeated if it is
  desired.

61
OTHER HELM COMMANDS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Desired action Change rudder angle to an equal
  amount of rudder in the opposite direction
• Command Shift your rudder
• Note Again, if desired, course to steer must be
  repeated.

62
OTHER HELM COMMANDS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Desired action Steady the ship on the current
  heading
• Command Steady as she goes
• When given, the Helm immediately determines
  ships head at the instant of the command, and
  steadies the ship on that course.
• This should normally be given only with the
  rudder at or near amidships.

63
OTHER HELM COMMANDS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Desired action Determine current ships heading
• Command Mark your head
• When given, the Helm immediately determines
  ships head at the instant of the command,and
  reports it to the Conn.

• Desired action Warn the Helm to steer more
  exactly
• Command Mind your helm

64
HELM REPLY
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Whenever an order to the Helm is given, the Helm
  repeats the order back to the Conn verbatim.
• This assures the conning officer that the order
  was heard and understood correctly.

65
HELM REPLY
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Examples
• The Conn orders Right standard rudder, steady
  course 260.
• The Helm replies Right standard rudder, steady
  course 260, aye.

66
HELM REPLY
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Mark your head
• Reply Mark my head, aye. 283.

• Order Mind your helm
• Reply Mind my helm, aye.

67
HELM REPLY
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• If the helm does not understand an order from the
  Conn, the helm will reply
• Orders to the helm
• The Conn should immediately check his/her order
  and restate it clearly to the Helm.

68
REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Once a desired action is complete, the Helm
  reports it to the Conn.
• The Conn acknowledges all reports with Very
  well
• If the Conn does not acknowledge a report, the
  Helm should repeat the report until acknowledged.

69
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Right standard rudder, steady course
  298.
• Reply Right standard rudder, steady course 298,
  aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is right standard, coming
  to new course 298.
• Report Sir, steady on course 298, checking 309.

70
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Come left, steer course 345.
• Reply Come left, steer course 345, aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is left 5, coming to new
  course 345.
• Report Sir, steady on course 345, checking 352.

71
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Right full rudder.
• Reply Right full rudder, aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is right full, no new
  course given.
• Report Passing 230 to the right.
• Order Belay your passing heads.
• Reply Belay my passing heads, aye.

72
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Ease your rudder to right 15.
• Reply Ease my rudder to right 15, aye.
• Report Maam, my rudder is right 15, no new
  course given.
• Order Steady course 143.
• Reply Steady course 143, aye.
• Report Maam, my rudder is right 15, coming to
  new course 143.

73
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Hard left rudder.
• Reply Hard left rudder, aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is left 35, no new
  course given.
• Order Shift your rudder.
• Reply Shift my rudder, aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is right 35, no new
  course given.

74
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Right full rudder.
• Reply Right full rudder, aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is right 30, no new
  course given.
• Order Rudder amidships
• Reply Rudder amidships, aye.
• Report Sir, my rudder is amidships, no new
  course given.
• Order Steady as you go.
• Reply Steady as you go, aye. Course 098.
• Report Steady on course 098, checking 107.

75
ENGINE ORDERS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• For fixed pitch propellers, ship speed is
  dependent on shaft rpm only.
• For controllable pitch propellers, ship speed is
  dependent on shaft rpm and, below about 12 knots,
  propeller blade pitch.
• For gas turbines, the shaft is always spinning
  when the engine is on line. All engines stop
  is achieved by a blade pitch of 0.

76
ENGINE ORDERS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Prescribed standard speeds are predetermined
  ships speeds
• Standard speed - normally 15 knots
• 1/3 - one third of standard speed
• 2/3 - two thirds of standard speed
• Full - speed higher than standard speed
• Flank - maximum speed

77
ENGINE ORDERS
Shiphandling Standard Commands
Typical Prescribed Standard Speeds

• Ahead
• Bell Speed
• 1/3 5
• 2/3 10
• Std 15
• Full 20
• Flank Max
• speed

• Astern
• Bell Speed
• 1/3 5
• 2/3 10
• Full Max
• speed

78
ENGINE ORDERS
Shiphandling Standard Commands
Format
Example
-Engines
All engines. . ."
-Direction
". . ahead full. . ."
". . .back 2/3. . ."
-Speed
". . indicate 108 revolutions for 15 knots."
". . .indicate 072 revolutions and 20 pitch for
3 knots."
79
ENGINE ORDERS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Engines Port, starboard, or all engines.
  Unnecessary for single screw ships.

• Direction Ahead, back or stop, and nearest
  standard speed (except for stop)

80
ENGINE ORDERS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Speed
• ..indicate ____ turns for __ knots., OR
• ..indicate turns for __ knots.
• For controllable pitch propellers below 12 knots
• ..indicate ___ turns and __ pitch for __
  knots.
• OR, ..indicate pitch and turns for __ knots.
• -Note If proceeding at a prescribed standard
  speed, none of this is required.

81
MANEUVERING COMBINATIONS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• In maneuvering situations, where frequent engine
  changes are expected, the Conning Officer may set
  maneuvering combinations.
• When set, the Lee Helm answers all bells at the
  prescribed standard speed increment.
• On ships with an EOT, this is indicated by an RPM
  setting of 999.

82
REPLIES AND REPORTS
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Reply Verbatim repeatback is required.
• Reports Lee Helm reports when action is
  completed.
• Note Every report must include the complete
  status of all engines, even if only one was
  changed.
• Acknowledgement Conn will acknowledge all
  reports with Very well

83
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order All engines ahead standard, indicate 115
  revolutions for 16 knots.
• Reply All engines ahead standard, indicate 115
  revolutions for 16 knots, aye.
• Report Maam, engine room answers all engines
  ahead standard, indicating 115 revolutions for 16
  knots.

84
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• (Continued from previous slide)
• Order Indicate 122 revolutions for 17 knots.
• Reply Indicate 122 revolutions for 17 knots,
  aye.
• Report Maam, engine room answers all engines
  ahead standard, indicating 122 revolutions for 17
  knots.

85
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order Port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine
  back 2/3.
• Reply Port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine
  back 2/3, aye.
• Report Maam, engine room answers port engine
  ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3.

86
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• (Continued from previous slide)
• Order Starboard engine stop.
• Reply Starboard engine stop, aye.
• Report Maam, engine room answers starboard
  engine stop, port engine ahead 1/3.

87
EXAMPLES
Shiphandling Standard Commands

• Order All engines ahead 1/3, indicate pitch and
  turns for 5 knots.
• Reply All engines ahead 1/3, indicate pitch and
  turns for 5 knots, aye.
• Report Sir, engine room answers all engines
  ahead 1/3, indicating 075 turns and 34 pitch for
  5 knots.

88
Shiphandling Single Screw Ships
Ship Ahead Propeller Ahead Rudder Amidships
89
Shiphandling Single Screw Ships
Ship Astern Propeller Astern Rudder Amidships
Ship follows the rudder Ship will tend into the
wind Ship will tend to port very easily Ship
does not tend to starboard easily
90
Shiphandling Single Screw Ships
Ship Ahead Propeller Astern Rudder Amidships
91
Shiphandling Twin Screw Ships
Ship Ahead Both Propellers Ahead
92
Shiphandling Twin Screw Ships
Ship Ahead One Propeller Trailing
Counteract with rudder
93
Shiphandling Twin Screw Ships
Ship Astern One Propeller Trailing
Counteract with rudder
94
Shiphandling Twin Screw Ships
Ship Ahead Both Propellers Ahead Different Speeds
Counteract with rudder
95
Shiphandling Twin Screw Ships
Propellers Split
96
Single Headline
Shiphandling Tug Tie-Ups

• Simplest Tie-up
• Best to allow tug to push or pull only
• Not good if complex tug maneuvers required.

97
Double Headline
Shiphandling Tug Tie-Ups

• Not as simple
• Allows tug to push or pull and complex tug
  maneuvers

98
Power
Shiphandling Tug Tie-Ups

• Most versatile tie-up
• Good for general purpose use
• Holds tug securely to ship.

99
Recovery Maneuvers
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Williamson Turn
• Anderson Turn
• Race Track
• Y-Turn

100
Easiest Method?
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Daylight Anderson
• Night Williamson
• Subs Y backing
• Carriers Racetrack
• Boat / Helo?

101
Recovery considerations
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Helicopter
• average time to ready for takeoff is 10-12 mins
• Small boat
• average time to launch 6-8 mins
• Ship
• fastest method

102
Small Boat Considerations
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• PPE for boat crews
• manning
• coxswain
• bow hook
• corpsman
• boat officer
• signalman
• SAR swimmer
• 3-5 knots no sternway

103
Initial Actions
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Applicable for all recoveries
• Full rudder to side of ship where person fell
  overboard.
• Full speed.
• Throw smoke float, life ring
• Keep in sight
• Pass the word
• 6 short blasts
• Mark on chart
• Man Boat Deck
• Notify other ships, Helos
• Receive muster report

104
Follow-on actions
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Notify Captain, TAO and Flag
• Hoist Oscar flag (day) turn on red-over-red
  pulsating (night)
• Notify other ships in company
• Gather Vitals from CIC
• Time in water
• Water temp and stay time
• Bearing and range to man

105
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery
Kicks Stern Away
Right Full Rudder
All Engines Ahead Full
106
Williamson Turn
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery
Shift Rudder When 60 Off Course
107
maneuvering
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Williamson

60 deg
starboard
port
- slow - good for night or low vis
108
Anderson Turn
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery
109
maneuvering
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Anderson

starboard
port
- fastest - most skill
110
Racetrack Turn
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery
111
maneuvering
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Race track

- high speed - easier approach
port
starboard
112
Y-Turn
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery
113
maneuvering
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• Y-backing

- poor control - keeps ship close to man
114
maneuvering
Shiphandling Man Overboard Recovery

• tear drop

- Carriers modified racetrack
starboard
port
115
Questions??